Roles of Women in the Early Europe

In early, medieval Europe, everyday life and the duties of people were greatly different than they are today. Obviously, there was no technology and life was a lot simpler. However, some of the former ways of life are not always praised as something good. For example, women during the time were treated very inadequately. Yes, this has happened in just about every society in history, but it seems like most women during this period were used and disrespected more notably than in others. In Philippa Gregory’s novel, The Other Boleyn Girl, this theme is seen greatly. In the story, the narrator, Mary, is defending her sister, Anne, after she is sentenced to death for producing an incest baby instead of a son for the king, King Henry. Mary, pleading for her sister, yells out â€Å"We did nothing more than that was ordered. We only ever did as we were commanded. Is she to die for being an obedient daughter? †(Pg. 650). During this time period, many women in the royal courts were used to produce male heirs, mainly to keep the name of the king and the family continuing. I strongly agree with the quote by Mary because killing a human being for a reason such as that is immoral and women are not just objects for men. In the story, Henry did have a choice to kill Anne or not, but I understood why he did end up taking her life. When Mary claims that the two Boleyn girls â€Å"did as they were commanded†, something drew to my attention. Mary was completely valid in saying that. Anne and Mary were mainly just used to birth a son. Several members of their family, including their uncle, demanded for one of them to bed the king. At first it was Mary who had an affair with the already married king. Even though Mary produces two children, one being a boy, it is not legitimate due to the fact that Mary is merely a mistress and not the queen. When he was done with Mary, King Henry moved on to Anne, who was more determined to become queen and have the child be legitimate. She eventually becomes the Queen of England, but it is proven that Henry was just using her for her child after he kills her. I do not agree with this concept by any means. However, this was a common role for women at the time. Kings and royal families were so concerned about keeping their name going in the court that they would risk the lives of women in doing so. You would think that one of King Henry’s seven wives would pick up on this trend at some point, or any woman in any court for that matter. It seems like women were treated as objects in the royal courts. The women were the croc pot that prepared the kings’ stew. And, if that stew was not one hundred percent correct, the croc pot would be set aside and replaced with a new one. I do not feel this is morally acceptable at all. I understand that kings wanted to have a male heir to keep the name going, but they should have had to complete that task so viciously. In this case, I do not agree with King Henry’s tactics at all, but I understand why he killed Anne. I believe that it was so common to banish or kill a wife for such crimes as adultery or incest that Henry had no choice, but to kill her. He was a very strong, determined man with a bold reputation for being so. By beheading Anne, he was retaining his reputation, but also proved that it was never true love between him and Anne. He had women lined up to take the place of Anne. â€Å"He is at her house every night. He is as he was in the old days, when it was her. † (656). This quote just proves the fact that Henry wanted nothing more of Anne than a son, which is a common theme of the roles of women during this time period. I do not agree with the concept of using women for the production of male heirs because it is immoral and women should not be viewed as objects. That is a major theme in The Other Boleyn Girl by Philippa Gregory. It is prevalent throughout the story and in history that King Henry of England used women as devices used to produce male heirs. This was also seen throughout history. Kings were so determined to keep their name going that they would execute their wives for such faults as not producing a boy, or in this case, birthing an incest baby. The kings had to maintain a strong reputation. I understand that, but do not agree with how they did so.

An Application of Jean Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring to Nursing Practice Essay

Introduction Essentially, the Caring theory of Jean Watson is oriented towards human science and focuses on the humanitarian aspect of caring processes, occurrences and experiences. It also grounded on a unitary perspective and interconnectedness with elements such as an individual with its community. The caring theory embraces one-sided, philosophical and interpretative as well as objective-empirical analysis and integrates several epistemological approaches that clinical and empirical but at the same time is open to other avenues of acquiring vital information.   (Watson, 1988, 1999). On the theoretical framework, the caring theory of 1979 was founded on the ten carative factors. These are essentially a formation of a Humanistic-altruistic system of values and cultivation of sensitivity to one’s self and to others. It has provisions for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment. Lastly the basic core is grounded on both caring philosophy and science (Watson, 1999). Some suggestions on original carative factors into clinical caritas processes include the formation of humanistic-altruistic value system becomes practice of loving-kindness, Instillation of faith-hope becomes authentically present. Cultivation of sensitivity between the communities becomes going beyond ego self, Development of a human caring relationship becomes helping-trusting an authentic caring relationship, and Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings becomes being supportive of the expression of positive and negative feelings (Watson, 2006). Main Components Originally, Watson’s theory revolved around three major elements, namely the carative factors, the transpersonal caring relationship,   and the caring moment. She stated ten carative factors that served as guidelines for the nursing practice and basically centered on the principles of caring. The transpersonal caring relationship describes how the nurse goes beyond an objective assessment, showing concerns toward the person’s subjective and deeper meaning regarding their own health care situation, while the caring moment is defined as the moment (focal point in space and time) when the nurse and another person come together in such a way that an occasion for human caring is created (Cara, 2003). In this context, the four essential concepts of nursing – person, environment, health, and nursing – are encompassed in the theory. Being holistic in nature, the theory presents its framework as a congregation of all these concepts, centering on the person. Watson regards a person as an individual with unique qualities and unique needs. The person is recognized as a being capable of communicating with another beyond physical interaction. The person is viewed as whole and complete, regardless of illness of disease (Watson, 2006). The environment is regarded as a healing space, where the person’s awareness and consciousness can expand and promote mindbodyspirit wholeness and healing (Watson, 1999). Inevitably, the state of a patient’s environment can influence an individual’s state of health. The physical environment can affect how the person can connect and exist in the spiritual environment created by transpersonal caring relationships, and could affect the effectiveness of the science of caring. Health is referred to as the unity and harmony within the mind, body and soul. It is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and functioning (Hagopian, 2007). The theory establishes that caring can promote a person’s health better than the curative means of conventional medicine. Through caring, the care giver recognizes the condition of the recipient at a deeper level, enabling him/her to sympathize as needed, and provide the appropriate care needed by the patient. With this means of understanding the patient better, there is greater chance of addressing the patient’s needs, creating the needed balance in his/her physical, mental, and social well-being (Watson, 1998). Influence in My Delivery of Care Watson defines nursing â€Å"as a human science of persons and human health – illness experiences that are mediated by professional, personal, scientific, esthetic, and ethical human care transactions† (Watson, 1988). The theory also emphasizes caring as central to nursing, and is essentially what the theory wishes to achieve. Nursing is not just about curing an illness or disease – it is beyond that. It is about the nurse being able to center consciousness on the entire being of the other in order to detect his/her inner condition, and impart genuine concern through caring moments communicated through â€Å"movements, gestures, facial expressions, procedures, information, touch, sound, verbal expressions and other scientific, technical, aesthetic, and human means of communication.† The role of consciousness is deemed greatly important, because then the nurse exhibits commitment and sincere intention to connect with the patient at a deeper level, thus becoming an effective aid in nursing the patient back to health, physically, emotionally, and spiritually (Watson, 2006). I remember having to give care to a patient who is suffering from a terminal disease and have been placed in ICU care. In this case, the patient was not capable of communicating because he was already in a coma – an application of Jean Watson’s theory in this case would require me to treat not just the patient but his loved ones, holistically. That is, I do not merely stop at trying to address the needs of the patient but also of those who surround him. Concretely, I tried to build a humanistic-altruistic value system which is the core of Watson’s theory. I have dealt with her family as real people who have real needs that have to be addressed. For them to be able to cope with the situation, I have tried to show them empathy, as they express their feelings towards the condition of the patient. It is very difficult to have a dying loved one, but it is a reality that we all must face at one point or the other. Having someone by your side during such a time of grief is very consoling and shall help you thresh out your feelings and cope with the situation. I have proven this many times in opportunities to care for patients placed in intensive care. The development of a caring relationship with the patient’s family helps them go through the ordeal with appropriate and well-expressed emotions, and even greater spiritual strength and maturity. I believe that the nurse has a critical role to play in such incidents. Applicability of Theory to Modern Nursing Practice The effectiveness of Watson’s theory has been validated with its use as a guide in several studies centering on caring science. It has been â€Å"recommended as a guide to nursing patients with hypertension, as one means of decreasing blood pressure and increase in quality of life,† in a study made on its effectiveness on the quality of life and blood pressure of patients with hypertension in Turkey (Erci, Sayan, Tortumluoglu, Kilic, Sahin, & Gungormus, 2003). In another study on caring for old adults, it was established that the theory was effective in improving the quality of life and peace of mind, body, and soul of the older people, just by caring and listening attentively to what they have to say (Bernick, 2004). The situation of caring for a patient in the intensive care unit has a more serious need for dedicated and focused care. Patients in intensive care in the intensive care unit (ICU) need more than mere treatment.   They need assistance for themselves and their family who want to hear good news and encouraging words about the patient’s recovery, information that is not always quick in coming, if at all. In ICU situations, the patient and, equally as important, the patient’s family wants to know the patient’s chances for survival; possibility of permanent disability; and answers to their queries on the patient’s condition (Rafael, 2000). . Although the attending doctor and nurses are the best sources for information to answer these questions, it is not always possible for them to accurately predict patient outcome, particularly in the first few hours or days of an ICU stay.   Like the patient and the patient’s family, the attending doctors and nurses are also awaiting the initial outcome. This means that everyone—attending physicians, attending nurses, family, friends and the patient him/herself are involved. All can and do contribute to the final outcome in one way or another. On my end, I try to answer all the questions that are posed to me by the patient’s loved ones to manage their expectations about the patient’s condition. And yet, I do this with caution, since it is still the physician who has the authority to inform them of these. The end goal was to try to assist the patient and his loved ones go through the ordeal, addressing their physical, emotional and spiritual needs in the context of a caring relationship. Conclusion Overall, Jean Watson’s theory of transpersonal caring has very high utility in modern nursing practice. It has been shown to be strongly oriented towards human science and focuses on the humanitarian aspect of caring processes, occurrences and experiences and has been able to effectively encapsulate the science of arts and humanities. Moreover, it has been grounded on a unitary perspective and interconnectedness with elements such as an individual with its community. However, one limitation may be its emphasis on being one-sided, philosophical and interpretative rather than on objective-empirical analysis. Moreover, it includes ontological, philosophical, ethical, historical inquiry and studies. Caring science is a new field that is evolving currently in the nursing industry and has truly evolved nursing theories and science and has contributed heavily to health, education, and human service fields and professions. References Bernick, L. (2004). Caring for older adults: practice guided by Watson’s caring-healing model. Nursing Science Quarterly, 17(2):128-34. Cara, C. (2003).   A pragmatic view of Jean Watson’s caring theory.   International Journal of Human Caring, 7(3), 51-61. Erci, B., Sayan, A.,Tortumluoglu, G., Kilic, D., Sahin, O., & Gungormus Z. (2003). The effectiveness of Watson’s Caring Model on the quality of life and blood pressure of patients with hypertension. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(2), 130–139. Hagopian, G. (2007).   Nursing theorists.   Retrieved February 8, 2007 from www.nipissingu.ca/faculty/arohap/aphome/NURS3006/Resources/theorists.ppt Rafael, AR. (2000). Watson’s philosophy, science, and theory of human caring as a conceptual framework for guiding community health nursing practice. ANS. Advances in Nursing Science, 23(2):34-49. Watson, J. (1988). Nursing: Human science and human care. A theory of nursing (2nd printing). New York: National League for Nursing. Watson, J. (1999). Postmodern nursing and beyond. Toronto, Canada: Churchill Livingstone. Watson, J. (2006).   Dr. Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring.   Retrieved February 8, 2007 from http://www2.uchsc.edu/son/caring/content/evolution.asp

World Relief jurnal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Relief jurnal - Essay Example Its activity is centered on the material and spiritual support of children refugees and immigrants. World Relief is helping over 4 million people a year and its staff of volunteers is nearly 100,000 (World Relief Website). Career opportunities, offered by World Relief are available at a lot of locations, including the benefit of package of employment status, such as insurance of life and heath, retirement programs and so on. Employment services work collaborate adult refugees in order to help them to find full-time work and provide resources and education to remain employment in their workplace. World Relief is like an intermediator between clients and employers, so one can quickly find employment and become useful for community. Personnel of World Relief are caring about their clients staffing needs and interview them during the process of advocating for placement and job search. World Relief`s aim is to place refugees at work during three months after their arrival. They provide a review of education and work backgrounds and skills to determine tailored plan of service. The organization is trying to build long-term relationships with employers, which leads to the zero cost in job searching of the refugee. In the area of medicine World Relief includes five programs that provide medical equipment and supplies throughout the world for the people with low-income at little cost or in free way. These programs are: Local Shipping Program  (It provides such items as dressings, nutritional supplements. It may give blankets, hygiene and school kits for homeless and the poor. World Medical Relief gives medical support and equipment to local clinics other non-profit health organizations) In 2008 feeding centers of World Relief organization provided people with nourishing food. Thousands of children aged before 5 and their mothers were given corn soya blend and plumpynut (World Relief Website). Others

Workers Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workers Compensation - Essay Example Indeed who would pray for such misfortune occurring to least of all, a worker whose only means of income arises from the fruit of his toil --The dream of longevity is owed to the chance of continuity of life and one's job. The Federal Employment Compensation Act made available the protection for disabilities of workers while on duty, and the State Laws on Compensation covers a wider framework beneficial for the working class and their families. Injuries and disabilities incurred while doing one's work becomes highly compensable without numerous demands for presentment or litigation. Injured employees may claim reimbursements of his medical expense during a disability. He may also claim 2/3 of his normal monthly salary during his illness and more if he has dependents. Survivors of deceased workers who are killed while on the job may claim under this law with the proper agencies. Soldiers in battle die as heroes and are remembered for their courage and bravery. Leaving the families to fend for themselves adds insult to the family's injury and creates a sense of dread among the military. The Worker's Compensation Law has now made it ultra-possible for families to refrain from suffering such neglect and hardship. Burn-outs will be minimized due to the knowledge that no matter what happens; life still goes on for the living. .

Religious realism vs. anti-realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religious realism vs. anti-realism - Essay Example However, debate on religion realism and antirealism matters in the society today due to the fact that there are rising radicals in the two areas. For instance, religion relies more on supernatural powers, therefore it needs one to believe that there exists a natural being that they pray to. I take a realist position since on the issue I believe that there exists supernatural being providing spiritual carte despite the fact that science cannot prove that. Thus discussion on realist and antirealist is important since it will enlighten one and let them grow in faith. Therefore, with that knowledge it will be unlikely for one to be waivered form his or her believes. Moreover, antirealist believes that one cannot take theories to be true. Additionally, they give instances of scientific theories that have been proven not to be true. Thus, they believe that majority of theories are wrong and they should never be relied on. For they argue that the newton’s theory which had been used for quite some time, was proven not to be true with the recent technology. On the other hand, realist believe that non observable phenomena does really exist. For instance, people believe that there exists the black hole despite the fact that they have not seen it. The same way Christians believe in the existence of God who is supernatural and can hear at the same time answer their prayers. Despite their differences the antirealist and realists agree that once in religion, one has to engage in particular believes and practices that are meaningful and valuable in some way to the believers (Nuyen, 394). Realism is part of the society today, for instance, a number of people have not been to china but they believe that it does exist. It does not need one to travel to each and every part of the world to ascertain that it really does exist. Thus realism comes in handy since one is obliged to believe that the countries or various places do exist. Secondly, most people

Capital Market and Investment Banking Process Paper Research

Capital Market and Investment Banking Process - Research Paper Example You cannot as well borrow from friends or family members and to make matters even worse back loans are inaccessible. Thus, the end of this is that one is in need of money. At this same instance you might be having one of your friends who have established a rapport with rich persons. This makes the problem half solved since he/she can introduce you to such people. However, it is at a fee. At this point in time, this friend of yours who happens to sort you out is the investment banker. The traditional investment banking structure has major divisions. These consist of mergers and acquisitions, corporate finance, sales and trading, research and capital markets on the top of the other four. The largest of investment banks usually have highly diversified business undertakings. (Wise, 2006 pp6-8) Portfolio construction is that undertaking by an investor who portrays rationality where he/she maximizes upon returns emanating from their funds at a given risk rate or level. Any unique investment possesses a unique risk as well. The returns coming from these investments are in the way of income like dividends or interest or even capital gains. A portfolio construction follows the process presented as follows: - objectives setting, policy definition, using portfolio strategy, asset selection and assessment of performance. Objectives setting involve the determination of a given fund putting into account the underlying constraints. Policy definition follows after objectives setting and this is the process through which investors establish an investment policy. Using of portfolio strategy is the application of both the passive and active strategies. Active strategies is the prospecting of the future and variations expected. Passive strategies are the actions of purchasing securities such that they march the picked market index. Selection of assets is the decision by a fund manager regarding the specific assets to invest in. Lastly, assessment of performance is the

Strategies for Building Effective Relationships Assignment

Strategies for Building Effective Relationships - Assignment Example Therefore, in order to have a rebranding strategy and to see it succeed, the company needs an internal reboot, rather than just a mere brand make-over. My endeavor shall be to ensure that past records of rough behavior or disagreements are erased from the working memory of peer managers and subordinates. A new project lead faces the brunt and dissatisfaction of employees left behind by the previous manager and my task would be to ensure that the interpersonal relationships amongst all these sections of the team are established. Here is a step by step process of how we would go about it. Before we begin understanding how to go about rebuilding relationships within this company, it would be more important for us to understand why we need to do so. If the revenues on the already launched products have been going down over the past three years, then even before we plan a new launch, we need a rehash of ethical and management practices to bring back the unity and quality. Once all the employees of the company are on the same page, it becomes easy to plan a new launch and see it succeed, since every employee would collaborate and come up with ideas that the company benefits from. To check and correct product performance, we need to check the quality of products being released in the market, the audience niches targeted, and the market predictions. And to get all these things working, we need a great team. In my new position as a project manager in my uncle’s company, I am looking to follow a three-step approach to reviving the company’s spirits and sales. Firstly, there needs to be a whole lot of interactive exercises which cross out behavioral differences and make the team players more transparent to the existing problems or notches in the working of the different sections of the company. Secondly, we need an ultra-dynamic team that recognizes the risks, potentials, and vulnerabilities.

Cabinet Belayachi Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Cabinet Belayachi Company - Essay Example It is evident from the study that sometimes organizations engage in fraudulent activities like tax evasion and account fudging. Most of the fudging is done in minute level and thus it becomes hard to be detected by someone who does not have knowledge and as well as experience to perform auditing and verification of the accounts. In order to perform account verification a small, family-owned organization is hired in order to verify the clients’ accounts’ reliability and transparency. The firm also it also tries to establish taxation strategies for its clients in order to reduce the taxes’ amount to be paid. The financial statements contain vital information pertaining to aspects like financial soundness and stability. Sometimes the companies and organizations are not aware of the unnecessary costs that bear down heavily on the revenue. Application of specific techniques like ratio analysis and balance sheet analysis help the companies in developing specific strate gies to increase the revenue and at same time decrease the costs. Financial diagnoses are performed by the firm by identifying the less productive functions of a given company. Based on the specific findings obtained from the analysis of the financial diagnosis specific strategies are formulated and integrated to optimize the company’s resources. It is active since 1997and has a client base of more than 250, from various economic sectors. Its capital stock is of 100 000 Euros. Years of high quality service and hard work has helped the firm develop long standing relationships with various firms. This long standing relationship in turn has helped the firm to ease the process of account verification and auditing. The firm does not have a huge workforce. Its workforce comprises of 15 employees only. Although the total client base is more than 250, so for this reason sometimes it becomes necessary to work at the client’s premises. Another reason for which the employees had to work at the clients office premises is to keep the confidentiality of the sensitive information. The direct access to the sensitive information can be misused by perpetrators and this will give rise to cases of non compliance and subsequent legal proceedings in the court of law. So for this reason it becomes necessary to allow the employees, have a full and transparent access to all the documents needed to achieve the assigned mission. Cabinet Belayachi also looks at the tax problems of the companies. Taxation is a vast domain, with innumerable clauses and rules. Thus it becomes impossible for small and medium companies to keep dedicated in house tax consultants who will guide the companies to file for the taxes and returns. These companies most of the time approach 3rd party companies on an one-off basis or on demand basis particularly on those times of the year when the tax filing and return deadline approaches (Betty 604). Cabinet Belayachi, acts as a tax consultant offering e xpert advices on taxation. Sometimes Cabinet Belayachi is frequently asked to work closely with taxes inspector in case of clients’ tax adjustments. For that matter, the practice has built a long-term relationship with tax officials in order to ease the process during the mentioned situation. 2. Presentation of department

Is Hip-Hop Dead Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Is Hip-Hop Dead - Assignment Example As the paper outlines, since its genesis in New York City in the mid-1970s, rap has spread to other parts of the world. A lot of research on rap has focused on chronicling its emergence and rise as a social movement. Listeners of rap have conspicuously been left out in prior research on the area. In the beginning, rap listeners were largely Latino and Black but Whites joined in later. Rap has criticized politics and racism since its emergence. However, though, rap has invited criticism from political and religious circles. These criticisms have not put down rap fans (Sullivan 232). Surveys showed that Blacks were leading in the impact of rap on its listeners. White supporters of reported that their racial views had been changed by rap. African Americans have a wider knowledge of rap than whites do. There are racial and gender dimensions in the preference for rap. Rap listeners differ in terms of the reasons as to why they listen to it. African American adolescents may listen to rap a s an element that helps in identity formation while white adolescents listen to it as a source of entertainment. Rap may not act as an effective interracial socializer because it might give White adolescents a skewed perception of the African American culture, diversity and it may entrench stereotypes. Many aspects need researching in regards to rap. These include urbanicity, age, class and listeners’ impacts on hip-hop. Listeners’ interpretation of rap and its message has not been researched adequately, through inquiry into this aspect can help unearth the basis of the differences between the various ways in which rap listeners of different races appreciate the genre (Sullivan 236). This article underscores the importance of listeners when considering rap. Considering the reasons why different rap listeners embrace the genre is insightful because it helps demystify the conception that there is homogeneity in the appreciation of rap. It is helpful to note that rap alon e might serve as a multiracial socialize and though one would have thought that the music suffices to instill an accurate view of African American culture, it is enlightening to know that the knowledge that the music imparts is not complete. The article has instrumentally shown that the racial difference in regards to the preference for rap music is reducing.  

To Be Accepted Essay Example for Free

To Be Accepted Essay Eric Berne a Canadian-born psychiatrist mainly known as the creator of transactional analysis and being the author of Games People Play, once said, â€Å"The moment a little boy is concerned with which is a jay and which is a sparrow, he can no longer see the birds or hear them sing. † What Berne stated was that when you see life in your own perspective but are once given the reality of it you no longer will receive that chance again. The novel, The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini reveals a story about discrimination and acceptance in the life of a Pashtun-Hazara friendship. Amir, who is a rich Pashtun, and Hassan, a Hazara, grew up together like brothers but always had the boundary of discrimination and tradition that Amir couldn’t seem to disregard like his own father had. Dealing with the life of being a Hazara can be deadly living in Afghanistan and for Amir to accept Hassan as a friend seemed unreal. Holding him back to protect his own friend over himself was never his own intentions, which lead him to live years in guilt. The conflict between the discrimination against Hazaras and Pashtuns is that Pashtuns believe that Hazaras are not real Afghans and therefore cannot be accepted thus leading many Pashtuns, such as Amir, to follow traditions that which he choose to ignore. Amir struggled throughout the novel to accept Hassan as a Hazara and tried every possible way to remove Hassan from his life. In Amir’s own eyes he did love Hassan like a brother but because of his jealousy towards Hassan he seemed threatened because Amir’s own father seemed to favor Hassan more. Although Amir lied and set Hassan up to get in trouble so he would no longer be a part of his life he consistently stated to himself, â€Å"There is a way to be good again† (2). Due to his duties as a Pashtun, Amir was told to believe that Hazaras are worthless in life. At first Amir meant for â€Å"good† to be as if Hazaras and Pashtuns shouldn’t be friends. Not having such a dramatic view towards Hazaras he still seemed to loathe them, although he told himself this towards the end of the novel again it was a way for him to show how he could redeem himself. Although Amir was successful in no longer having Hassan in his life and as much as he tried to follow his traditions as a Pashtun, he dwelled with guilt and yearned for redemption. By seeing Hazaras are nothing but sins, Amir learned the true value of acceptance and that wanting them dead would not settle his hatred towards Hassan. Loyal Miles stated that, â€Å"Amirs cultural identity relies on the context of a traditional past compared against the realities of ethnic divisions and a war-fractured present. † Miles declares that Amir’s capability to accept Hassan is clouded by the reality of what is real. Amir’s â€Å"cultural identity† demands duty and tradition but his â€Å"realities of ethnic divisions†, such as him being friends with a Hazara and allowing himself to frame his best friend by saying Hassan stole his watch, speaks otherwise allowing him to realize the importance of redeeming himself. Rahim Khan, Amir’s father’s best friend, had once told Amir a story about a romance he had with a Hazara girl and how his family looked down upon him because of his decision to love someone who they pity upon. Khan said to Amir that, â€Å"In the end, the world always wins. Thats just the way of things. † (99). From what Khan said in the novel his mother fainted, his father spit on him and his sister threw water at him to make sure he was actually telling the truth about his love for a Hazara. Khan could sense that his choice in life was not acknowledged and that â€Å"the world always wins† was true. Khan used the word â€Å"world† to describe how the Pashtuns have their own lifestyle and rules where trying to break and change traditions, such as having a romance with a Hazara, was not something that would be accepted. In the world of Pashtuns the only contact you have with a Hazara is master-slave, to be friends let alone fall in love with one is declared wrong in their world. Thus allowing the worlds decision overpowering your own. When we first met Khan, we assumed he was similar to Baba, Amir’s father, who accepted the Hazaras. Our assumptions though didn’t think to know that Khan had a relationship with a Hazara slave and he had to follow duty as a Pashtun and to end their love affair. While discussing his past problem to Amir Khan told him that â€Å"You don’t order someone to polish your shoes one day and call them ‘sister’ the next†. Thus connecting to the power of â€Å"the world† and the traditions you face as a Pashtun. Harold Bloom stated, â€Å"Rahim tells Amir the world is very strong and always wins but that, nonetheless, the matter probably worked out for the best. † By agreeing that Khan believes that breaking up with his Hazara girlfriend would have worked out for the best shows that most Pashtun follow what their family traditions and life values demand from them. After years of guilt and grief and learning of the truth about Hassan being his half -brother, Amir’s acceptance rates towards the Hazaras and the reality of his lifelong problems soon came to his realization of what truly mattered. While waiting to find out news about his nephew Sohrab, Hassan’s son, Amir began to pray, â€Å"There will be no floating away. There will be no other reality tonight. † (345). By declaring that there be â€Å"no other reality tonight† we relate back to what Eric Berne stated about no longer seeing the birds or hearing them sing because this is where Amir’s reality had finally set in. He now has learned that without Hassan it would have been a life changing experience. Knowing the reality of it all makes him acknowledge what he has got now that Hassan is dead. For Amir to have accepted Hassan at an earlier stage in his life instead of trying to remove he wouldn’t have learned the true meaning of redemption of acceptance. Pashtuns mainly choose their family virtues not their own personal views because they are aware of the degrading consequences. Amir may have learned too late for Hassan but realized that it was his time to make things right with Sohrab to save him from slavery. Meghan O’Rourke stated that Amir had â€Å"His hands are already stained with Hassans blood and that they cannot be stained with the blood of his son as well. † Amir left behind Hassan when he came to America, thus leading to Hassan death in the future. At the time not caring about what would happened to anyone but himself, Amir could have cared less let alone the fact that he never he knew Hassan had died until later on. After fighting for Sohrab’s survival Amir learned to take him in and care for him for who he is and what he means to him, not what his cultural background is. Relieving Sohrab from child labor and the brutal lifestyle of a Hazara, he learned to remove his selfish being from himself. The conflict between the discrimination against Hazaras and Pashtuns is that Pashtuns believe that Hazaras are not real Afghans therefore cannot be accepted thus leading to the slavery, beatings and fatal causes towards Hazaras. Acceptance is key in the life of Amir, without learning to relieve himself from his traditions his life would have been forever filled with guilt.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism

Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism The origins of utilitarianism are often traced as far back as the Greek philosopher Epicurus but the main idea is thought to come from Jeremy Bentham who said that Utilitarian argument worked by nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. There are two main different types of utilitarianism. Act utilitarianism states that, when faced with a choice, we must first consider the likely consequences of potential actions and, from that, choose to do what we believe will generate the most pleasure. The rule utilitarian, on the other hand, begins by looking at potential rules of action. To determine whether a rule should be followed, he looks at what would happen if it were constantly followed. Utilitarianism is a very solid and stable argument, I personally think that without knowing about it a lot of people use it to decide what to do, my example is what happened when I go home, I have two younger brothers and we always seem to fight over something, usually food, like the last bit of cake, or the last of the coca-cola. What my mum does without realising is a very Utilitarian idea, she says Oliver, you take three glasses and pour the coke out equally, then Giles and Theo, you choose. This way I try to pour all the glasses equally otherwise I get stuck with a really small glass of coke, because my greedy brothers would drink the glass with more in. Utilitarianism uses a lot of separate principles. Someone who accepts some of the principals but not others may be seen as a utilitarian. This mainly includes the whole of the human race. The Utilitarian argument has the strange ability to seem really obvious to who ever it benefits and completely wrong to the minority that it doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t benefit. e.g. rapists. There is another problem that there are no ethical arguments which are agreed by everyone, for example in certain eastern countries, people believe that woman who cheat on there husbands should be stoned to death, where as the general western society believe that this is completely wrong. However there are some points most people agree on. Rape, theft and lying are seen as bad where as, giving, helping and healing are seen as good things One obvious thing that these things have in common is that most of the things agreed to be good are things which make people happy, and most of the things agreed to be bad are things which make most people miserable. Bentham realised that there should be some sort of scale on which happiness can be judged. Bentham did this by proposing the hedonic calculus. The hedonic calculus lists seven features of pleasure to which attention must be paid in order to assess how great it is: intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity, fecundity, purity, and extent. This scale allows us to find the act which leads to the greatest pleasure. However there was a Philosopher after Bentham called John Mill, John Mill was a child prodigy who was able to read several languages at an early age, and the son of a follower of Jeremy Bentham. Perhaps the greatest British philosopher of the nineteenth century, Mill maintained that the well being of the individual was of greatest importance and that happiness is most effectively gained when individuals are free to pursue their own ends so long as they keep with the rules that protect the common good of all. While mill accepted the utility principle of the greatest good for t he greatest number he was concerned about the difficulty raised when for example there is the story of the bridge operator. The bridge operator took his son to work with him. He delighted in telling his little boy how everything worked and how important his job was, since hundreds of people relied on him to raise and lower this bridge so they could travel safely from place to place. The little boy beamed with pride as his father explained his job. He also greatly admired all of the switches that controlled the huge gears. But after a couple of hours of observing his father work, the boy grew bored, so his father sent him out to play. A short while later, the bridge operator realized that it was almost time for him to lower the bridge so the 5 p.m. commuter train could cross. But, as he was about to pull the switch that would lower the bridge, he glanced out the window to see that his son had apparently been climbing on the gears; and his foot was stuck. In fact, he was wedged betwee n the huge gears; alive, but trapped;and unable to free himself. The engineer was about to hurry to help his son when he heard the train whistle in the distance. Suddenly he realized that he did not have sufficient time to free his son, return to the control box, and lower the bridge in time for the passenger train to cross safely. But if he pulled the switch to lower the bridge, his little boy would be crushed in the massive turning gears in which he was entangled. He was forced to make a horrible choice: either his son would be killed, or a trainload of passengers would plunge to their deaths in the river below. Mill thought if the greatest good for the greatest number was purely quantities based on the quantities of pleasure and pain caused what would stop one persons pleasure from that act. To address this difficulty Mill focused on qualities pleasures. He developed a system of higher and lower pleasures preferring the higher pleasures to the lower ones. Mill said It is better t o be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied: better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied Benthams theory has a number of clear benefits. It seems reasonable to link morality with the pursuit of happiness and the avoidance of pain and misery and this connection would receive popular support. It also seems natural to consider the consequences of our actions when deciding what to do, utilitarianism offers a balanced democratic morality that promotes the general happiness. However there are a number of difficulties with utilitarianism the first difficulty concerns all theorys that rely on the consequences for deciding which actions are good. Need to be sure that what I think will come about as a result of particular action will actually come about. Utilitarianism depends upon accurate predictions.

How to Be A Good Student Essay -- Teaching Public Schools

How to Be A Good Student To become a success in life, we all need to learn to become a good student in every aspect of life. Becoming a good student takes much work and self-discipline. There are many ways that a student can stand out from the rest of the class. These good students are distinguished by their attitude, intellectual skills, consciousness, and achievement. Attitude is primarily a genuine desire to learn and the will to do hard academic work to achieve understanding. It is also shown by how well you apply yourself even to subjects in which you have little interest and how much you can achieve even when a teacher’s style is not what you are used to. Also attitude can change the way you percieveperceive things and make you want to either quit or do better. Havin...

Connection in Forster’s Howards End Essay -- Howards End Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚   The epigraph of E.M. Forster's novel Howards End is just two words: "only connect".   As economical as this gesture seems, critics and interpreters have made much of this succinct epigraph and the theme of connection in Howards End.   Stephen Land, for example, cites a: demand for connection, in the sense of moving freely between the two Forsterian worlds - the two "sides of the hedge", the everyday world of social norms and the arcadian or paradisal world of individual self-realization - has its roots in earlier stories..." [1]  Ã‚   He goes on to say that "each [character] must reconcile or connect for himself the range of conceptual polarities exposed by the story - prose and passion, seen and unseen, masculine and feminine, new and old"   (Land, 165).   Land reads the novel as some sort of compromise between these two worlds - the realm of social justice and the realm of the individual.   Other critics have made similar gestures.   James McConkey, for one, feels that "Margaret will reconcile the human and transcendent realms so that she may live in harmony with the human; the voice senses the connection through its remove from both." [2]  Ã‚   These critics seem to confuse "connection" with "reconciliation", seem to read the novel as a triumph for humanism and social justice.   I feel this is a little bit of . . . fudging.   True, the characters in Howards End experience reconciliation at the close of the novel - but reconciliation occurs only when love passes out of the novel, when the narrative ceases to be a bridge between two worlds.   The meaning of the word "connect" diminishes as the novel progresses, gradually loses its mythic, transcendent meaning.    The "only connect" moment referenced in the epigraph comes wh... ...any remnant of the bridge between the paradisal world and the world of manners and civic duty.   The concept of connection is so degraded as to be unrecognizable.   This is what happens after love fails. The celestial omnibus will not stop at Howards End again.             [1] Stephen Land.   Challenge and Conventionality in the Fiction of E.M. Forster.   New York: AMS Press, 1990 (165).   Hereafter cited parenthetically.   [2] James McConkey.   The Novels of E.M. Forster.   New York: Cornell University Press, 1957 (79). [3] E.M. Forster.   Howards End.   New York: Penguin, 1986 (154).   Hereafter cited parenthetically. [4] E.M. Forster.   "The Celestial Omnibus".   The Collected Tales of E.M. Forster.   New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952 (61).   It seems prudent to note that this story was first published in 1911, one year after Howards End appeared.   

Emotional Burdens Which Precede the Ultimate Tragedy Awaiting a Charact

Death is extremely final, and life is theoretically the greatest thing that anyone can lose. Whilst reading a tragedy that culminates with death, the majority of readers would say that death is the most significant tragedy of the story. Death is the result of primary dangers, which are the immediate physical dangers that result in death. But the tragedy of death is typically preceded by characters succumbing to other dangers. The dangers preceding death are secondary dangers, such as the character flaws of pride and paranoia. Emotional burdens can also be secondary dangers, as Bobbie Ann Mason discusses in her essay â€Å"On Tim O’Brien’s ‘The Things They Carried.’† She states that the main struggle in â€Å"The Things They Carried† centers around the intangible baggage that the men carry, despite being at war where their lives are in danger. Secondary dangers are the source of the physical and/or mortal primary dangers. In Edgar Alle n Poe’s â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† Montressor creates Fortunato’s primary danger by trapping him in a catacomb. In Tim O’Brien’s â€Å"The Things They Carried,† the primary danger is war. The supernatural Boogeyman monster is the primary danger in Stephen King’s â€Å"The Boogeyman.† These dangers are deadly, but the tragedies of death are byproducts of characters succumbing to the secondary dangers that they face. Thus, the tragedy of death may not be the â€Å"ultimate† tragedy. Despite death being the final tragedy, the ultimate tragedy is succumbing to dangers such as emotional burdens, paranoia, and pride. Emotional baggage can be the catalyst of a seriously dangerous event. In â€Å"The Things They Carried,† â€Å"[the] immediate drama is the effort ... to contain the emotion, to carry it,† (Mason). Emotiona... ...is true of paranoia and pride, as too much of either of these can lead to dangerous situations. The paranoia, pride, and emotional burdens that characters face culminate to result in the ultimate tragedy of the story. Works Cited King, Stephen. â€Å"The Boogeyman.† Night Watch. Stephen King. Mason, Bobbie Ann. â€Å"On Time O’Brien’s ‘The Things They Carried.’† The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. 8th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003. 1515-1516. Print. O’Brien, Tim. â€Å"The Things They Carried.† The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. 8th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2003. 1001-1014. Print. Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† The Story and Its Writer: An Introduction to Short Fiction. 8th ed. Ed. Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. 1109-1114. Print.

Personal Anecdote

Autobiography Anecdote I intend to write about the time when I broke my wrist. I am writing this autobiographical anecdote In 1st person and my target audience is students. The purpose of this text Is to write a recount of the event. I checked my watch for the fifth time this period, 2. Pm, only three minutes had passed since I last checked. Thirty minutes into the period and I had only completed one equation. I couldn't concentrate; I dropped my pen and looked around to find something entertaining. I found nothing. Everyone was focused and had their head down completing their set of questions.This is the difference between year seven and year eight. The classroom was so quiet that I could hear the inhaling of the person next to me. Thirty minutes till the end of school and I already had enough. My mind had stopped functioning and I struggled to keep my eyes open. It felt as if my eyelids were trying to carry an African elephant. I placed my elbow on the wooden desk and rested my hea vy head in my palm. I thought to myself, ill Just close my eyes for a minute, the teacher wont notice. Random thoughts began to run through my head as I continued to rest In class.I suddenly recalled a past memory. I said thank you to the bus driver as I hopped off the bus onto a patch of green grass. I slipped my smart rider into my right pocket as the Transparent bus drove past me with everyone inside, staring at me. I waited for the awkward moment to pass and began my walk home. It was a hot, humid day as the scorching sunlight blistered my delicate skin. I felt sweat begin to run down my forehead and the back of my uniform began to stick to my body like old glue. The weather was horrible but it wasn't the main reason why I was uncomfortable. I was nervous.I was thinking of how I should tell my mum I wanted to play football. FALL, not soccer. I knew what her answer was going to be, â€Å"No you can't, Its too dangerous. † I continuously ran comebacks In my head trying to f ind the right one which would convince her to let me play but not be rude and make her angry. I did this for the whole walk home and I had forgotten about the piercing sunlight and humidity. As soon as I dumped my school bag in my room and changed from my uniform, which was drenched in my sweat, I decided to ask my mum. â€Å"Hey mum† I said in the sweetest tone possible, â€Å"can I play football for a lube? â€Å"why do you want to play football, its too dangerous† replied mum firmly â€Å"mum please, all my friends are playing too† â€Å"why can't you play basketball or swimming? † â€Å"l don't mind them but I really like footy mum, please† â€Å"Fine but if you get injured it not my fault. † miss! Thank you so much, don't worry It wont happen. † The whaling sound of the school siren woke me. Everyone was already rushing out of class and I still had to pack up my things. Personal Anecdote Autobiography Anecdote I intend to write about the time when I broke my wrist. I am writing this autobiographical anecdote In 1st person and my target audience is students. The purpose of this text Is to write a recount of the event. I checked my watch for the fifth time this period, 2. Pm, only three minutes had passed since I last checked. Thirty minutes into the period and I had only completed one equation. I couldn't concentrate; I dropped my pen and looked around to find something entertaining. I found nothing. Everyone was focused and had their head down completing their set of questions.This is the difference between year seven and year eight. The classroom was so quiet that I could hear the inhaling of the person next to me. Thirty minutes till the end of school and I already had enough. My mind had stopped functioning and I struggled to keep my eyes open. It felt as if my eyelids were trying to carry an African elephant. I placed my elbow on the wooden desk and rested my hea vy head in my palm. I thought to myself, ill Just close my eyes for a minute, the teacher wont notice. Random thoughts began to run through my head as I continued to rest In class.I suddenly recalled a past memory. I said thank you to the bus driver as I hopped off the bus onto a patch of green grass. I slipped my smart rider into my right pocket as the Transparent bus drove past me with everyone inside, staring at me. I waited for the awkward moment to pass and began my walk home. It was a hot, humid day as the scorching sunlight blistered my delicate skin. I felt sweat begin to run down my forehead and the back of my uniform began to stick to my body like old glue. The weather was horrible but it wasn't the main reason why I was uncomfortable. I was nervous.I was thinking of how I should tell my mum I wanted to play football. FALL, not soccer. I knew what her answer was going to be, â€Å"No you can't, Its too dangerous. † I continuously ran comebacks In my head trying to f ind the right one which would convince her to let me play but not be rude and make her angry. I did this for the whole walk home and I had forgotten about the piercing sunlight and humidity. As soon as I dumped my school bag in my room and changed from my uniform, which was drenched in my sweat, I decided to ask my mum. â€Å"Hey mum† I said in the sweetest tone possible, â€Å"can I play football for a lube? â€Å"why do you want to play football, its too dangerous† replied mum firmly â€Å"mum please, all my friends are playing too† â€Å"why can't you play basketball or swimming? † â€Å"l don't mind them but I really like footy mum, please† â€Å"Fine but if you get injured it not my fault. † miss! Thank you so much, don't worry It wont happen. † The whaling sound of the school siren woke me. Everyone was already rushing out of class and I still had to pack up my things.

Do Genes Determine Character Traits

â€Å"Character Traits Determined Genetically? Genes May Hold the Key to a Life of Success, Study Suggests. † I: Introduction Do genes distinguish our personality traits or is it simply environment, and upbringing that makes us who we are? Psychologists at the University of Edinburgh have discovered that genes may play a greater role in forming character traits than they were thought to before. Things such as self-control, decision-making or sociability could be more nature than nurture. II: BackgroundThe debate of Nature vs. Nurture has been a widely argued topic among psychologists for more than a century. Both opinions of the nature vs. nurture debate have been examined among researchers and a great amount of research has been found, just no clear conclusions of whether it is one or the other. We have always thought of genes distinguishing your physical features such as eye color, hair color, height, etc. , but can genes play more of a role in your personality than scientis ts thought? III: ExperimentIn this study, more than 800 sets of twins, mostly age 50 and over were tested by a method of asking a series of questions to see how they viewed themselves and others. The questions that were asked included questions like â€Å"Are you influenced by people with strong opinions? † and â€Å"Are you disappointed about your achievements in life? † The answers to these questions were then compared with the Ryff Psychological Well-Being Scale. This scale is a Self-perceived quality-of-life scale that is used as a psychological assessment instrument.It is based on a comprehensive theory of the Self-Perceived Quality of Life and provides a multi-faceted measurement of health-related and non-health-related aspects of well-being. The psychologists found that genetics were more influential in shaping key traits than a person's home environment and surroundings. They also found through this study that genes affected a person's sense of purpose, how wel l they get along with people and their ability to continue learning and developing through out their own lives.The research team for this study found that the identical twins who’s DNA was exactly the same were more likely to share traits compared with non-identical twins. These findings are significant because, the stronger the genetic link, the more common it is that these character traits are carried through a family. These results also can make a link of epigenetics and the influence epigenetics have on generations. IV: Reflection Nature vs. nurture and the study of genes has been the one topic that has most interested me throughout this class.I find genes and epigenetics fascinating; therefore I chose to do my paper on this particular topic. This article expresses many aspects of genes and DNA that we went over not only in lab but in lecture as well. Environment plays a key role in the way we personally grow and develop, but genes and epigenetics carry a large part as we ll. People don’t always realize that genes can cause personality. We have always been taught that genes distinguish things like hair and eye color, and I feel this article shows that genetics is important in all aspects of â€Å"creating† an individual.V: Sources University of Edinburgh (2012, May 16). Character traits determined genetically? Genes may hold the key to a life of success, study suggests. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 12, 2012, from http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2012/05/120516115903. htm The Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-Being by Tricia A. Seifert, University of Iowa http://www. liberalarts. wabash. edu/ryff-scales/ Nature Nurture in Psychology by Saul McLeod published 2007 * http://www. simplypsychology. org/naturevsnurture. html

A Cost Utility Study Health And Social Care Essay

In critically measuring this cost-utility survey the Drummond ‘s checklist was used as a guideline ( Drummond et al. 2005 ) . This checklist was chiefly created as a tool for critically measuring published documents but could be used by writers as a usher for bettering their studies. There are several grounds for utilizing such a published methodological guideline for economic ratings, this includes: It may increase the transparence of the survey – makes it easier to measure what the writers have done. Using such a checklist may let comparings between surveies – the reader is confident any differences in reported results between surveies are non due to methodology differences, if writers apply a similar format. The usage of a standard format may turn to the considerations of methods and lead to the betterment in quality of ratings. An analysis of the usage of different wellness economic guidelines to compare surveies found 75 % understanding between methodological analysis ( Hjelmgren et al. 2001 ) . The dissensions that did originate were in the pick of position, which cost included in analysis, rating methods and resources. As reported, such differences are expected given issues like differences in state wellness attention systems, and intent of the guidelines ( Drummond, Sculpher, Torrance, O'Brien, & A ; Stoddart 2005 ; Hjelmgren, Berggren, & A ; Andersson 2001 ) . Therefore, utilizing such a checklist, as a method of careful and systematic scrutiny of the published paper, allows opinions on its relevancy, value, and trustiness in that context.Health EconomicssHealth economic sciences and its application is a technique and theoretical account by which decision-makers can measure the costs of two or more disease intervention or wellness services, which can help in determination devising between the possible picks ( Robinson 1993c ; Shiell et Al. 2002 ) . The overall purpose of any survey that includes an economic rating is to supply information, which shows the advantages and disadvantages of a wellness intervention or service based on its cost-effectiveness and non merely on the clinical effectivity. It is now recommended by wellness guidelines, such as the one quoted in the appraised paper National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , that economic ratings are carried out at the same clip as clinical tests ( Birch and Gafni 2004 ; Weatherly et Al. 2009 ) . Therefore, it is really of import that the appropriate method of economic rating be used. There are many different ways of mensurating the results of economic ratings. Two similar types of economic rating of programmes or intercessions are Cost-utility analysis ( CUA ) , in which the result is a individual â€Å" public-service corporation † based measuring, and cost-effectiveness analysis ( CEA ) , in which the result is a natural unit based measuring ( Robinson 1993b ) . CUA and CEA estimate the comparative costs of different intercessions or interventions when they successfully achieve ends ( Levine and McEwan 2001 ) . Table 1 shows the difference between cost-utility analysis ( CUA ) and cost-effectiveness analysis ( CEA ) . Both techniques are used in health care to compare alternate methods or interventions etc, in footings of results and costs ( money ) . Table 1: Differences between two types of analysis ( Torgerson and Raftery 1999 )Type of analysisCostssConsequencesConsequenceCost-effectiveness ( CEA )Money Different magnitude of common step Cost per natural unit of outcome e.g. cost per unit of blood force per unit area reducedCost-utility ( CUA )Money Single or multiple effects – valued as â€Å" public-service corporation † Cost per unit of effect e.g. cost per QALYCost-effectiveness analysis ( CEA ) The primary result of a CEA is the ratio of cost per natural unit of result. As a consequence, CEA can merely be used to compare costs within the same disease ( Robinson 1993a ; Robinson 1993c ) . The strength of CEA is that it merely combines cost and effectivity informations to make a comparing. However, its failing is that it can merely compare within the same disease type and this attack does non give any indicant of whether the entire benefit of a intervention exceeds its entire costs.Cost-utility analysis ( CUA )The primary result of a CUA is the ratio of cost per QALY. As a consequence, CUA can be used to find the comparative strength of a penchant for each result ( Levine & A ; McEwan 2001 ) . Health attention ratings use the â€Å" public-service corporation † step of quality adjusted life old ages ( QALY ) in this type analysis ( Drummond, Sculpher, Torrance, O'Brien, & A ; Stoddart 2005 ; Petrou and Renton 1993 ; Robinson 1993b ; Torgerson & A ; Raftery 1999 ) . For the last three decennaries, research workers have used QALYs in the appraisal of wellness intercessions ( Sassi 2006 ) . For the QALY, the benefits are measured in footings of the overall index of wellness addition based on the impact on measure and quality of life ( Kernick 2003 ; Sassi 2006 ) . However, one challenge to this is that public-service corporations are a step of wellness that relies on pick to pull out a penchant. An advantage of utilizing CUA is that it can be used to compare costs across different diseases or wellness programmes as a standard step cost per QALY is used. The disadvantages of utilizing CUA are in the adequateness of the QALYs in capturing all the wellness attention costs of an intercession.Study DesignIn the debut to the paper, the research inquiry is clear in that this is a survey to show the cost public-service corporation of a supervised walk, plus beef uping and stretching exercising programme versus â€Å" best attention † . The pick of the aged ( aged 60 plus old ages old ) and reasonably down adult females as the survey group is based on old research demoing rate of significant physical inaction in this group. The paper does province the economic importance of the research inquiry in footings of the secondary results of physical inaction in aged, such as increased hazard of cardiovascular disease or musculoskeletal upsets. In add-on, the importance is besides stated in term of a quality of life addition in older grownups set abouting moderate physical activity. It is really of import to within an economic paper to stipulate the point of view taken, since an point may be from one point of view may non be from another. As a consequence, the point of view of the CUA can impact act upon the cost/ benefit ratio ( Robinson 1993c ) , and the point of view is clearly stated in the paper. This CUA is being looked at from the wellness system perspective, peculiarly decision-makers in Primary Care, instead than hospital position. Examples of this are: The statement, â€Å" †¦ , the present survey could assist determination shapers to heighten the preventive function of primary attention†¦ . † , found in the decision of the abstract. The statement, â€Å" †¦ , as a wellness system resources are limited, the decision-maker often selects the schemes†¦ † , found in the debut. In this paper, the intercession ( exercise programme ) is clearly stated but inside informations of the control â€Å" best attention † is brief, an premise is made by the writers that the reader is cognizant of what this entails. This is of import because â€Å" best attention † may change from state to state will do it hard to reiterate the test or even use the consequences straight ( Greenhalgh 1997a ) . One inquiry asked by the Drummond Checklist in the subdivision of â€Å" Study Design † ( Drummond, Sculpher, Torrance, O'Brien, & A ; Stoddart 2005 ) looks at whether the paper reviewed has described viing options. Within this paper, the viing options are good described, within its debut and treatment. In footings of a survey designed as a randomized controlled test, the survey described in the paper seems reasonable, with clear inclusion and exclusion standards stated and a clear flow chart of the participants throughout the trail. However, a point about to do about the paper is the intercession was over a six-month period and follow-up appraisal was at six months, hence hard to see any impact of sustainability of the intercession.Data CollectionThe paper used the EQ-5D questionnaire as one of the measuring tools in the trail for primary results and it clearly states this is used for the economic rating. The common construction of economic ratings is that it involves the measuring of inputs ( costs ) and the results ( benefits ) ( Weatherly, Drummond, Claxton, Cookson, Ferguson, Godfrey, Rice, Sculpher, & A ; Sowden 2009 ) .EQ-5DThe benefits of the intercession demand to be identified, so it is important when looking at results of wellness attention to be able to mensurate provinc es of wellness in a simple standardized manner ( Anon 1998 ; Kind et Al. 1998 ) . As a consequence, the EQ-5D questionnaire was developed and validated as such a generic province of wellness measuring tool by the EuroQuol Group, an international research web established in 1987A ( Brooks 1996 ; Kind, Dolan, Gudex, & A ; Williams 1998 ) . Subsequently, the EQ-5D being able to mensurate these alterations in wellness province is used in economic ratings. However, there are restrictions to the EQ-5D. It is deserving observing that a study of a representative population utilizing the EQ-5D did happen of import differences in bomber groups, such as higher rates of anxiousness or depression systematically reported by adult females than work forces ( Kind, Dolan, Gudex, & A ; Williams 1998 ) .CostssThe paper describes the method used for the measures of resource and the currency used for the unit costs, Euros. However, the survey examined merely direct costs incurred after each participant had seen the physician and does non include indirect costs. There are grounds for this given in the paper: The statement, â€Å" †¦ did non include other possible costs because the clinical analysis did non happen statistically different alterations in the usage of the National Health System†¦ † in the Methods. The statement, â€Å" †¦ the enlisting did non necessitate any extra clip by the practician. † in the Methods. There is no ground to believe that the costs used do non reflect the true costs for the resources used. However, the paper does non province implicitly the costs for the control group, those acquiring â€Å" best attention † . The chief cost incurred in this survey is for the intercession, which was the fixed cost of wage for a alumnus in athleticss scientific discipline in wellness publicity and this is referenced from authorities guidelines. This cost is shown in â€Å" Table 2 † , which reports the incremental cost per individual, i.e. the extra cost to bring forth one extra unit of result. This survey did non set or dismiss the costs. This would be necessary if more resources were outlaid at the beginning ( Robinson 1993a ) , for illustration in purchasing capital outgos like exercising equipment. This was clearly non the instance with respect to the intercession studied.Analysis and reading of consequencesWithin the tabular arraies of the paper, the consequences for the primary result are clearly reported and the types of statistical and economic analysis carried out.Statistical analysisIn theory, systematic prejudice is avoided in a randomized controlled test by choosing participants from a population and randomizing them to the different groups ( Greenhalgh 1997a ) . In a survey, the baseline informations collected on each group is compared with each other to look for choice prejudice ( Bruce et al. 2008 ) . But, there may hold been possible for choice prejudice in this test, as there were some systematic differences between groups, with the intercession group being somewhat less down and less over weight and younger than control group. However, the paper does describe that these differences seen were non statistically important. As there were differences well in the agencies of the datasets, the paper used the nonparametric Kolgomorov-Smirnov trial utilizing the rectification of Lillifors, a trial to see whether two samples are from the same distribution. As consequence the paper presents information to take the uncertainty of choice prejudice, nevertheless, in the paper it was non clearly stated if the randomization was blinded.Economic AnalysisIn the appraised paper, CUA is clearly stated as the signifier of economic rating used, because the two intercessions â€Å" best attention † and supervised exercising programme are non straight comparable in footings of a natural unit of result. In this paper, CUA is the most appropriate as the results of the intercession studied are multi-dimensional ( Greenhalgh 1997b ) . In the â€Å" Analysis and Interpretation of consequences † ( Drummond, Sculpher, Torrance, O'Brien, & A ; Stoddart 2005 ) in the Drummond Checklist in the subdivision of expressions at whether the paper reviewed has described attack taken to sensitivity analysis and this paper, within its methods and consequences, covers this subject. The ground for including a sensitiveness analysis within a paper is of import as economic theoretical accounts may be utile as a tool by decision-makers there are countries of uncertainness within economic analysis ( Robinson 1993a ) . Therefore, it is of import to when analyzing the information to see what impact alterations in the certain parametric quantities affect the consequences. Thus the hardiness of the informations can be tested ( Robinson 1993a ) . In the analysed paper, a simple attack was taken with a few cardinal parametric quantities changed. The consequences of the survey are shown in â€Å" Table 3 † and the referee can b e confident of the theoretical account used, as the sensitiveness analysis of the information is robust over a scope of premises e.g. assessment clip, figure of participants excess. For the economic analysis, the paper states that a non intent-to-treat analysis was carried out. By utilizing this attack there is a possible for prejudice within the informations ( Bruce, Pope, & A ; Stanistreet 2008 ; Hollis and Campbell 1999 ) . Those who dropped out were excluded from the analysis as they did non hold follow-up informations, nevertheless these drop-outs may be unrepresentative of all participants in each group so bias may be introduced. If an Intention-to-treat analysis was carried out in this survey the intervention affect seen may be diluted, but this is seen as a better manner in that it is more realistic in pattern, as it allows for divergences from standard pattern, in that it includes people who are non willing or unable to follow with the intervention ( Bruce, Pope, & A ; Stanistreet 2008 ; Hollis & A ; Campbell 1999 ) . As this survey presents its ego in its decisions as a â€Å" †¦ matter-of-fact and cost-efficient scheme†¦ † an intentio n-to dainty analysis would hold been more suited.Reported Results of the surveyWithin its treatment subdivision of the paper, the findings of the survey are outlined. Using the Drummond Checklist in the subdivision in the â€Å" Analysis and Interpretation of consequences † ( Drummond, Sculpher, Torrance, O'Brien, & A ; Stoddart 2005 ) the fulfils the inquiries in the checklist in the treatment subdivision. Clearly this survey answers the survey inquiry. Reports on the decisions are drawn from the informations presented. In add-on, the strengths and failing of the survey are looked at in footings of similar surveies.DecisionsIt is of import in research into wellness services that economic rating rules are applied, so that the wellness services produced from the research outcomes provides the best wellness attention, based on the allotment of scarce resources, for the population studied. As with any other research, economic ratings require critical assessment and cardinal inquiries need to be asked. The guidelines in the Drummond Checklist are really utile as a tool to measure critically any economic rating research, assisting readers to separate the good from bad surveies. Even though there are some restrictions in the paper of the cost-utility survey, overall the good points outlined supra would hit this paper overall as a good economic rating utilizing the Drummond Checklist.

Language Learning & Teaching

‘Mother tongue’, ‘first language’, or ‘L1’ is the language that the child usually learns first by the process of interacting with the parents, family members and the society.   This language is usually not acquired by the process of formal education.   It is passed on from one generation to another by the process of interaction and communication.   It is important to know that the first language of the individual need not always be the dominant language.   For example, if the family relocates from one place to another, then there would automatically be a shift in the dominant language of the child, as the language for social communication would also change.   Suppose a child has very good skills at learning the first language, automatically the skills for learning the second language would be good, as it suggests various cognitive functions required for learning the language (such as thinking, memory, etc).   On the other hand, if th e child develops poor skills at learning the first language, automatically he/she would find it difficult to learn the second language and even others (Clark, 2000).‘Second language’ or ‘L2’ is a language that is different from the first language and is usually acquired by the process of formal education in school.   Usually, the second language is a language other than the first language or the mother tongue.   As in several parts of the world, a greater amount of importance is given to English, which has been the basis for international communication. A lot of research is being conducted to determine the manner in which the second language could be acquired, learnt and retained.   In some parts of the world, the second language is beginning to dominate the first language.   This is because of the greater amount of use of the second language in international communication, corporate sector and as a medium of instruction.   The term second languag e was given as it initially suggested the level of comprehension, understanding and the fluency of an individual with that particular language in comparison with the first language (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).  Hylenstam (1992) conducted a lot of research to determine the manner in which the second language and the first language skills were acquired and retained.  He found that after the age of 7 years, the child often found it difficult to learn a second language and obtain the skills required as good as that of the first language.   The individual frequently demonstrated a lot of grammatical errors whilst using the second language, after it was acquired following the age of 7 years (Clark, 2000).   However, research conducted by Hylenstam and Abrahamsson (2003) also found that that there was no exact cut-off period at which an individual would find it difficult to learn the second language, and term it as good as the first language.   Even during adulthood, the second l anguage skills could be acquired as good as before the age of 7 provided the individual made an effort and was motivated to learn and acquire the second language (Clark, 2000).Usually, in each and every nation of the world, the child would be learning two languages.   The United States is one of the few nations in which the children would be usually learning one language that is English.   According to Cummins, learning a second language did not affect the development of the child.   However, social interactions helped in development.   Studies based on cognitive functioning and learning abilities have demonstrated that during the phase of mental growth and development, there was no negative effect if the child learnt one language or two.   Children were able to learn a second language easily and utilise it in the same manner as the first language for communication, questioning, thinking and socialising.   All the knowledge gained from the first language could easily be transferred and utilised in the second language by the child (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).Children cannot learn a second language within a definite period of time.   Strong evidence is currently not available to suggest that children can learn a second language within a short period of time.   Evidence is also currently not available to demonstrate that children would be learning a second language faster than the adults (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).During the process of learning a second language, the child may experience several problems including improper pronunciation, not able to use grammar appropriately or poor comprehending capability.   It is important to note that several factors such as environmental, learning facilities, educational, ability to socialise, age, sex, motivation, personality type etc, play an important role in the second language development of the child.   It is for this reason that some children learn second language faster, whilst others take a long er time (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).One of the important factors that need to be considered for acquiring a second language is the age of learning.   This plays an important role compared to several other factors including motivation, cultural circumstances, opportunities etc.   The child should also get a positive response from others whilst learning the second language.   In the native home, some children may find it difficult to learn a second language.   Children whilst learning the first and the second language usually have similar attitudes.   In learning the first language, the child would usually do so at a younger age, and hence the complications and the fear of making mistakes are lesser.   The second language learning age is usually higher than the first language, and hence the complications and the fear of making mistakes are usually present.   Children tend to use the native pattern of pronouncing words (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).In 1995, Collier was able to demonstrate that even adolescents and adults had some amount of competence in learning a second language.   Children do have the cognitive competence of learning languages and this would enable them to learn and retain a language better than an adult.   A few researchers have contradicting views about the second language learning.   They feel that once a second language is learnt within a very short period of time and at a very young age, then the skills initially acquired of the first language is lost (Bialystok & Hakuta, 1994).   Some of these researchers hence feel that the second language should not be introduced at a very young age to children and hence both the first and the second language need to be imparted (McLaughlin, 1973).Once the first or the second language is learnt, the outcome is usually different.   For example, once the first language is learnt, due to the interactions between the society, parents and family, the fluency and the comprehension improv es compared to the second language.   It may be equally difficult for learning either the first language or the second language, but the role of variables is even greater for the second language (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).For learning the first and the second language, it is very important that an environment conducive for learning exists.   Communication between the parents, family, friends and society is very important.   The cognitive ability can be developed and the language skills could be improved through positive interactions in the language.   The child should be allowed to express themselves freely with the parents.   The language learning process should be enabled through positive interactions between the parents and the child.   The existent language base and real-life situations play an important role.   The child should be able to use the language at the school, home or in social settings.   The child should be able to use and develop both the languages equally.   For example, some children may not be able to use the second language at home due to inability of the family members to understand it.Besides, some children may also find it difficult to use the first language in school, as they may have another language as a medium of instruction.   This may hamper the learning process.   It is important that the child uses the languages in many instances as possible so as to develop the skill and the knowledge required.   Whilst learning the first and the second language, formal education would only be playing a passive role.   The main ingredient for the success at developing skill in a new language is positive interactions and usage of that language (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).Some children may find learning a second language a very tedious task.   Especially those children, who have problems in learning the first language, often develop similar problems in learning the second language.   For learning the language, such problems frequently develop as it is very important that the child develops strong relationships with the parents so that such problems can overcome patiently and gradually.   The use of the second language at home should in no manner affect the cognitive development and the learning process.New experiences with the second language and the use of new ideas would definitely help in improving the cognitive processes.   It is frequently seen that once the cognitive development has occurred with the first language, the same skills could be utilized in attaining the skills required for the second language.   Frequently, children who have developed tremendous skills with the first language (due to the cognitive advancement) may find it very easy to learn a second language.   Studies have even demonstrated that children able to excel in the first language may do equally well with the second language (Clark, 2000 & Ellis, 1994).Reading is another area in which the child should deve lop a habit in order to gain competence of the second language.   It helps to improve comprehension, understanding, thinking, flow of ideas, creative expressions, memory etc.   Usually, the first language is learnt through day-to-day communication and the second language is learnt through reading.   However, both communication and constant reading are required to develop skills in learning the language.Thus it can be said that development of the first language would in fact supplement the learning of the second language.   Positive interactions with family, parents, friends and society would help in developing skills with the second language.   Besides, reading would also aid in language development.   The manner in which the first and the second language is learnt is much similar to one another.   It need not always be that the first language dominates the second language.   The dominating language usually depends on the culture the child is exposed to.   In child ren below the age of 7 years, the process of learning the second language is much easier. In adults and adolescents, motivation plays a very important role in second language acquisition.References:Clark, B.A. (2000), First- and Second-Language Acquisition in Early Childhood. [Online], Available: http://ceep.crc.uiuc.edu/pubs/katzsym/clark-b.html, [Accessed: 2007, December 31].Ellis (1994). Differences between L1 and L2 acquisition. [Online], Available: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/vivian.c/SLA/L1%20and%20L2.htm, [Accessed: 2007, December 31].Klein, W., & Jankowski, B. (1986), Second Language Acquisition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.NWREL (2003). Overview of Second Language Acquisition Theory. [Online], Available: http://www.nwrel.org/request/2003may/overview.html, [Accessed: 2007, December 31].

Vibration monitoring of Gas Turbine in oil industry Essay

Vibration monitoring of Gas Turbine in oil industry - Essay Example Mostly it is used in turbo machinery when in support of fluid film bearings. ii. The Velocity-pickup detectors: It is characterized with a flat response to amplitude which is given as a function of frequency. As a result the alarm setting will remains same as before despite different speeds of the turbine. Their role in the turbines diagnosis is however limited. This pickup detector tends to be very directional providing different result values when subjected to the same force but placed facing in different directions. iii. Accelerometers: This is usually in many cases mounted on the machine’s casing. Their main work is to pick up vibrations problems from the spectrum transmitted between the shaft and the casing. They are used in identification of high frequency response problems which can arise due to, dry fictional whirl, wearing of gear teeth, blade flutter and surge. The industrial gas turbines in oil industries are built and intended for industrial applications as exhibited in their design features. Gas turbine in oil industry utilizes the fluid-film in bearings in both their and axial and radial shaft support. They use seal oil auxiliary systems and conventional lube oil, and also they are used in heavier construction, due to their heavy weight driven components. (Kamboukos et al.2005). Some Gas Turbine Condition Monitoring and Protection System that can be used are: i. Radial Bearings: When two proximity probes are used then they should be placed in a configuration that of X-Y in each of the bearing and observe directly their relative motion from the bearing and the shaft. This has been recommended to be used like a shutdown parameter. ii. Thrust Bearings: Only two proximity probes are used, observation of the axial position in the shaft being at within thrust bearing area of clearance. It is also has been recommended to be used as shutdown parameter. (Loboda et al. 2006). iii. Casing Vibration: The

Business plan; financial section Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business plan; financial section - Essay Example In approximation, the occupancy expenses add up to $100,000. These expenses are expected to increase as the business grows. However, the company will purchase its own premises as soon as it can. The estimated fixed assets by the receipt master are $200,000. This is because they are not expected to be very many in the business’ first year of operation. These few assets will just be enough to keep the business operating before it makes enough profit to fund its other assets (Friend and Stefan 38). The growth expenses add up to $2.5 million but there is no debt incurred by he receipt master. The growth expenses are expected to increase as the business progresses. Due to the uncertainties that come with the beginning of a new business, the miscellaneous expenses add up to $100,000. However, these expenses are expected to amount to a smaller amount that this due to the extensive research and precise calculations done prior to the actual planning. The figures have been put to the higher side of the probability or the

Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Assignment 6 - Essay Example This wildfire also resulted in the death of 86 people. This wildfire was so devastating that it prompted the Congress to set aside funds to assist the National Forest Service prevent and fight wildfires. Despite the measures that have been put in place to prevent wildfires, the U.S. still, continue to suffer from the effects of wildfires. Causes of Wildfire Both human and nature are responsible for wildfires witnessed in the U.S. According to Hamilton (2010), about 90% of wildfires that burn the U.S. forests and lands are started by humans. Firstly, arson attack is responsible for most wildfires in the U.S. Arson attacks happen when an individual deliberately starts fire with the aim of destroying the land of a person perceived as an enemy. In 2010 alone, the U.S. fire department reportedly responded to about 260,000 wildfires intentionally started by arsonists (The National Fire Protection, 2013). These intentional fires resulted in at least 390 deaths, and left at least 1,340 peopl e with serious injuries. The fires also resulted in the destruction of property worth $1.2 billion. In fact, the wildfire that burnt more than 147,000 acres of land in Southern California in 2009 was caused by arson, according to the U.S. Forest Service report (CNN, 2009). This wildfire also destroyed many homes in the northern part of Los Angeles. Most wildfires in the U.S. are also caused by people burning debris. Most people in the U.S. have the habit of burning debris. However, sometimes the wind ends up blowing the debris to a dry grass and forest cover resulting in massive wildfires as has been the case in Michigan. The Michigan Fire department reveals that most wildfires in the state are caused by people burning debris (Hamilton, 2010). Smoking is also blamed for the rising incidences of wildfires in the U.S., according to Hamilton (2010). It has been observed that some wildfires are started by discarded burning cigarettes. When an individual discards a burning cigarette on a dry grass or forest, this sometimes ends up triggering a massive wildfire that result in the destruction of several acres of land. A small percentage of wildfires in the U.S. are caused by sparks from moving trains, vehicle exhaust, and heavy equipment. Some of the wildfires that burn the U.S. forests are caused by nature, such as lightning and lava. Silverstein, Silvertein, and Nunn (2009) reveal that whereas 90% of wildfires are caused by humans, the remaining 10% are caused by nature. Normally, when lightning occurs, electric currents are sent to the earth’s surface resulting in wildfires. For instance, report indicates that about half of all wildfires in Florida are stated by lightning. Lightning is also responsible for about 2% of all wildfires in Michigan. Volcanic eruption is also responsible for a significant number of wildfires in the U.S. When an eruption occurs, hot magma is through onto the earth’s surface that cools down to form lava. However, when the ho t lava encounters dry grass or leaves, this sometimes starts wildfires as noted by Silverstein, Silvertein, and Nunn (2009). The physical nature of wildfires The physical nature of wildfire is very complex and depends largely on fuel type, geographical location, humidity, moisture content, temperature of an area and topography. For a wildfire to occur, the necessary elements must be available. Firstly, an ignition source

Politics and Human Rights Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Politics and Human Rights - Assignment Example Such implications include factors disruption in the way of life of individuals and the societies from which such individuals come. For instance, the various kinds of drought, which are associated with this form of climate change, caused the disintegration of the civilization process in north Mesopotamia during the third millennium (National Research Council, 2002, p6). With the rate at which climate change is taking place, these is more need to worry about tomorrow if the society is to avoid further consequences of the problem (Cities Alliance, 2009, p 1). According to Paul Gilding (2011, p24), , the possibilities of the temperatures rising and falling in the coming centuries are inevitable. In his book â€Å"The great disruption: How the climate crisis will transform the global economy† Gilding indicates that in the midcentury, temperatures, at the global level, will temporarily rise above more than one degree centigrade. He additionally explains that, the temperature will further drop below plus one degree centigrade sometime, close to the end of this century. According to the author, the sea level will consequently rise by an approximate of half a meter and continues rising all through the years that follow the century. Noteworthy is the fact that, Significant climatic change will be noticed with every century that possess by. The need for security in the ever changing society is obvious and security in the form of water and food even more important. The rate at which the world population is increasing is however so alarming. This is due to the possible insecurities that such increase in populations comes with. The ever-changing climatic conditions and the global warming factor also makes no matter easy in the already insecure world. The interconnection between crises in the aspects of food, water, and energy and the climatic condition, in the quickly warming

Watershed moments of American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Watershed moments of American history - Essay Example Watershed moments are those moments which heralded a strong influence on the history and social attitudes of the people and changed the perception of people.The American history is fraught with such watershed moments,but in the 20th century so many events happened and it is difficult to decide which moments could be called as watershed.The following paragraphs would describe three events and justify them as watershed moments.The most important of these moments is the perhaps the attack on the World trade centre on 9/11. Following the horrific events of that day, the local, national, and international relations changed forever to a very great extent. The attack of 9/11 had a wide ranging effect on the US foreign policy and weakened the relationship between the US and the Islamic states. The attack reframed existing policy in such a way that it was now considered quite just and fair to take violent and aggressive action against rogue nations. The US considered this attack as a threat t o its sovereignty so the period that followed after the attack witness a revival in the cold war and snide policies which were last seen in the World War II. The world saw a new era of 'War against terrorism' which was lead by the US and which resulted in two major wars. Thus it is very clear that the aftermath of the 9/11 made a drastic impact on the whole world and it would not be wrong to call this attack a watershed moment of the 20th century. (Dudziak). The second such event which created such an upheaval, the likes of which cannot be found in any other event is the nuclear bombing on the Nagasaki and Hiroshima. It was the August of the year 1945 in which the world saw the first use of the nuclear weapons ever. The result was only destruction and devastation of the bombed cities however its consequences were more than that. The prowess of the US was witnessed which elevated it to the title of the greatest super-power of the world. The United Nations was also formed soon after the bombing to maintain global peace. The bombings became the watershed moments in the US history as it changed the way the country was seen by other nations. Another example of the watershed moments, though somewhat different is seen is the 1965 Act of Immigration and Nationality. This act is also known as a 'Demographic Revolution'. The act put an end to the quota system, and even the xenophobia which was being promoted in the Americans. The Act was actually a declaration of equality and an end of prevailing prejudice. This erased the sense of exclusion which was felt by the Asians from the side of Americans and resulted in a huge number of Asians ushering into the US territory. The act changed the social attitude of the Americans towards the Asians and proved to be a watershed movement in the US history. Section Two, Answer to Question 3: The Civil rights movement was campaign intended to free the Americans from the grip of ethnic discrimination. This was a movement which demanded the recognition of the black Afro-Americans and an end to the racist policies. The Civil Rights movement began when a black woman 'Rosa Parks' who is often called as the mother of the 'Civil rights movement' refused to give her seat to a white American. But it was not only the Afro-Americans who were involved in the movement, thousands of people of all ethnic groups living in America participated in this Civil rights movements and the liberation movement till the 1970s in the long run. These included students, political leaders, people from religious organizations and even some white liberals; in short the 'liberation' movement was not just the efforts of blacks but the combined struggle against the bigotry and racial discrimination of all the ethnic groups living in America. Previously a very strong and intimidating attitude was adopted by the Americans towards the blacks. They were looked down upon, often became a subject of taunting and were commonly referred