Role of Federal Agencies Essay Example for Free

Role of Federal Agencies Essay The threat has reached the point that given enough time, motivation, and funding, a determined adversary will likely be able to penetrate any system that is accessible directly from the Internet. It is difficult to state with confidence that our critical infrastructure—the backbone of our country’s economic prosperity, national security, and public health—will remain unscathed and always be available when needed. The recent security breach by unauthorized intruders into the parent company of NASDAQ is an example of the kind of breaches directed against important financial infrastructure and illustrates the difficulty of determining clear attribution. As we would in response to any such breach, the FBI is working to identify the scope of the intrusion and assist the victim in the remediation process. The FBI has identified the most significant cyber threats to our nation as those with high intent and high capability to inflict damage or death in the U.S., to illicitly acquire assets, or to illegally obtain sensitive or classified U.S. military, intelligence, or economic information. As both an intelligence and law enforcement agency, the FBI can address every facet of a cyber-case—from collecting intelligence on the subjects in order to learn more about their networks to dismantling those networks and prosecuting the individual perpetrators. The ability to take action on the information we collect is critical because what may begin as a criminal investigation may become a national security threat. In addition, the FBI’s presence in legal attachà ©s in 61 cities around the world assists in the critical exchange of case-related information and the situational awareness of current threats, helping to combat the global scale and scope of cyber breaches. The FBI is also changing to adapt to the ever-evolving technology and schemes used by cyber criminals. Intelligence now drives operations in the FBI. The Bureau is working in new ways with long-standing and new partners to address the cyber security threat. U.S. critical infrastructure faces a growing cyber threat due to advancements in the availability and sophistication of malicious software tools and the fact that new technologies raise new security issues that cannot always be addressed prior to adoption. The increasing automation of our critical infrastructures provides more cyber access points for adversaries to exploit. New â€Å"smart grid† and â€Å"smart home† products, designed to provide remote communication and control of devices in our homes, businesses, and critical infrastructures, must be developed and implemented in ways that will also provide protection from unauthorized use. Otherwise, each new device could become a doorway into our systems for adversaries to use for their own purposes. Industrial control systems, which operate the physical processes of the nation’s pipelines, railroads, and other critical infrastructures, are at elevated risk of cyber exploitation. The FBI is concerned about the proliferation of malicious techniques that could degrade, disrupt, or destroy critical infrastructure. Although likely only advanced threat actors are currently capable of employing these techniques, as we have seen with other malicious software tools, these capabilities will eventually be within reach of all threat actors. Intellectual property rights violations, including theft of trade secrets, digital piracy, and trafficking counterfeit goods, also represent high cybercriminal threats, resulting in losses of billions of dollars in profits annually. These threats also pose significant risk to U.S. public health and safety via counterfeit pharmaceuticals, electrical components, aircraft parts, and automobile parts. Cybercrime that manipulates the supply chain could pose a threat to national security interests and U.S. consumers. Poorly manufactured computer chips or chips that have been salvaged and repackaged infringe on intellectual property rights and could fail at critical times, posing a serious health and safety threat to U.S. citizens. Malware could be embedded on the chips to infiltrate information from computers and result in the theft of personally identifiable information (PII) that could then be used in future cybercrimes. As the quality of counterfeit goods increases, U.S. consumers may be challenged to tell the difference between authentic and fraudulent goods. Operation Cisco Raider is a joint initiative between the U.S. and Canada that targets the illegal distribution of counterfeit network hardware manufactured by private entities in China. The use of counterfeit network components can lead to exploitation of cyber infrastructure vulnerabilities and even network failure. Since 2006, Operation Cisco Raider has seized over 3,500 network components amounting to $3.5 million of Cisco retail products. Ten individuals have been convicted as a result of the joint initiative. (Snow, 2012) References Snow G M 20120412 TestimonySnow, G. M. (2012, April 12). Testimony. Retrieved August 21, 2012, from http://www.fbi.gov Sternstein A 2012 Plan to Fighting Organized Crime Recognizes Growing Cyber ThreatsSternstein, A. (2012). Plan to Fighting Organized Crime Recognizes Growing Cyber Threats. Retrieved August 22, 2012, from http://www.nextgov.com

Ebola: Route of Transmission, Life Cycle and Treatment

Ebola: Route of Transmission, Life Cycle and Treatment It is hypothesized that Ebola outbreaks are zoonotic in origin, however the true reservoir in unsubstantiated.8 The conceding belief is that fruit bats are the reservoir for the Ebolavirus, but due to their migration patterns and apparent lack of disease it has been challenging to study this effectively to yield a substantiated conclusion.28 It is further theorized that transmission to humans comes from preparation and consumption of infected bushmeat or the handling of infected animals.8 Some scientists believe that non-human primates contract Ebola from eating fruit soiled with body fluids from infected fruit bats, however there may also be direct animal to animal transmission.8 There is also evidence that domesticated animals such as pigs and dogs contract the virus.29 Once a human is infected from a zoonotic source it is then transmitted from person to person via direct contact with blood, secretions, organs and other bodily fluids of infected people. Ebolavirus is also transmitt ed during burial ceremonies where individuals come into direct contact with an infected deceased person.30 Healthcare workers taking care of those infected have frequently been infected themselves, due to improper infection control procedures.30 Recent evidence has shown a sexual transmission from Ebola, as semen can test positive for Ebola months after the disease has subsided.30 The WHO and CDC both report that Ebolavirus can not be transmitted through aerosols. However, there are a few studies and evidence to support that it is a possible mode of transmission. It is believed that there was animal to animal as well as animal to human transmission of the Reston virus from cynomolgus macaques in a US quarantine facility.31 The outbreak demonstrated intercage infection and in some cases with distance between the cages. In a study, rhesus macaques were infected through aerosols of the Zaire virus, with a median mass diameter ranging from 0.8 and 1.2m.32 Evidence of the respiratory tract being the primary site of infection, can be inferred from the viral concentration being the greatest in the lungs.8 Pathogenesis The incubation period for Ebolavirus ranges from 2 to 21 days and humans are non-infectious until symptoms appear.30 Ebolavirus presents with a sudden onset of fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. As the disease progresses vomiting, diarrhea and a rash present. During the latent stages of the disease, patients develop impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding.30 Patients will present with labs with low white blood count (WBC), low platelets, elevated liver enzymes (AST and ALT).30 The mortality rate varies among the different subtypes of Ebolavirus. The Zaire virus has an average of 77% mortality rate, Sudan virus 49.8%, Bundibugyo 30.55% and Reston virus and Tai Forest virus both have a 0% mortality rate.5 The range in mortality rates across all subgroups go from 100% to 0%. However, when looking specifically at the Zaire virus the range is 47% to 100%.5 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention EBOV is difficult to distinguish early on from other infectious diseases in the area like malaria, typhoid fever and meningitis.30 In order to confirm initial symptoms are caused by EBOV healthcare workers should perform ELISA, antigen-capture detection tests, serum neutralization test, RT-PCR, electron microscopy, or virus isolation by cell culture.30 All samples are an extreme biohazard risk and can only be done under biosafety level (BSL) 4. There are currently only 10 BSL 4 labs in the US and 47 worldwide33, leading to an insufficient resource for testing and research. Current treatment for EBOV is supportive care through re-hydration as well as treatment for specific symptoms. There are currently no vaccines or approved treatment for EBOV, however there are many in development. During a recent outbreak, a US physician was treated with an experimental drug (ZMapp). He eventually went on to give a blood transfusion to another patient with EBOV in hopes of treatment; both recovered well. Evidence suggest that antibody support along with platelets and fluids could provide a key in future treatments. Currently, higher level medical facilities pose better outcomes due to their ability to assist with organ deterioration while the patient is trying to survive the viral infection. Prevention and Control is best achieved through case management, surveillance, contact tracing, good laboratory services, safe burials, and social mobilization.30 By limiting the interaction with wildlife, which are known to be reservoirs of the disease, we can limit the transmission into human hosts. If an individual becomes infected proper quarantine procedures should be put in place to ensure the disease does not spread. Proper quarantine measures include isolating infected patients in medical facilities with only essential personal entering and leaving the patients room. All essential medical personnel should don personal protective equipment (PPE) at all time, which includes a single use gown, respirator with full face shield, 2 pairs of gloves, single use boot covers, and single use apron.34 Educating the population in these endemic areas as to these quarantine procedures, not touching infected animals, and proper burial techniques can vastly improve outcomes during outbreaks.3 0 Weight and Discrimination: Legal Issues Weight and Discrimination: Legal Issues Ther L. Richardson Abstract Discrimination against overweight and obese people has existed for millennia but it is just in recent decades that discrimination against the overweight has been seen as a crime and research has begun in this field. Despite some research going back as far as the 1940’s the majority of research did not start until almost the 1970’s. With the pace that American law is driven there has not been considerable progress made to this point. Current research is being conducted to stem both the lack of progress and make inroads of societal progress. Current understanding and legislation may empower an entire class of world citizens, and change perception of weight discrimination and obesity while leveling the employment and earnings playing field. Weight and Discrimination: Legal Issues in Weight Discrimination According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) between 2009 and 2010 more than 35 percent of adults across the U.S. and Canada were considered obese, (McGuire, 2011, pp. 368-369) based on the BMI. The Body Mass Index or BMI is a scale that assigns a number value that is calculated from a persons weight and height. BMI is used to provide an indicator of body fat ratio or level and is used by the healthcare industry to screen people for weight categories. While the rates of obesity in adults has been slowing over the past decade or so, the world population has become more media centric and the idea of the ideal body type has certainly been affected by the mass media and the influence of Hollywood movies, sports and television. This change in the perception of the ideal body image has almost certainly affected the rates and types of discrimination as well. In the workplace, obese workers are considered lazy, incompetent, and lacking self-control. While women’s wages are lower on average then men’s, obese women’s wages are even more out of proportion. It has also been shown that many human resource representatives do not even know it is illegal to not interview, or decline to hire someone based on their weight. As ideal body image changes to leaner more fit athletic and â€Å"underwear model† looking individuals the more overweight and obese individuals pale in comparison. The contrast effect then sets up and impossible scenario where the obese worker or applicant can never meet the mind’s eye image of the ideal employee. Perception of weight discrimination and obesity Sutin and Terracciano (2013) conducted research on perceived weight discrimination and obesity. They examined whether weight discrimination is associated with risk of becoming obese by follow-up survey among those not obese at baseline, and to test whether weight discrimination is associated with risk of remaining obese at follow-up among those already obese at baseline (Sutin Terracciano, 2013). This research was conducted through both face to face interviews and a survey returned by mail to the Health and Retirement Study, which is a nationally representative longitudinal survey conducted by the University of Michigan. They found that weight discrimination was reported by those that became obese during the time between the baseline and follow-up interviews, for the most part among participants who weren’t obese at the time of the baseline measurements. Those subjects who reported that they experienced discrimination based on their weight were over three times more likely to remain obese at follow-up instead of dropping below the obesity threshold on the Body Mass Index (BMI) than those who did not experience such discrimination. Of the sample that was normal weight at baseline, there was not enough data for the analysis, but of the 14 participants in the normal weight category who reported weight discrimination in their follow-up, none became obese as described by the BMI (Sutin Terracciano, 2013). Sutin and Terracciano (2013) remark that â€Å"body weight is a highly visible, personal characteristic that can evoke strong stereotypes and strong reactions from others,† and easily contribute to stereotyping and discrimination as well. Weight discrimination and harassment are also thought to be associated with behaviors which increase the risk of weight gain, these behaviors include excessive food intake (binge eating) and decreased physical inactivity (Friedman Puhl, 2012, p. 2, 3). Obese persons who feel discriminated against may tend to avoid situations where there weight would make them stand out, for instance going out dancing, and thus gaining the benefit of the exercise that might be gained by that activity. People that feel stigmatized tend to feel less confident and able to engage in physical activity and thus avoid not only exercise, but also social activity that could lead to physical activity and exercise such as line dancing or other forms of social activities like sports, and games. Weight bias can have a significant impact on social, economic, psychological and physical health. Social and economic consequences include social rejection, poor quality of relationships (Friedman Puhl, 2012, p. 2, 3). Current legal protections in the united states and results of litigation Katz and Lavan (2008) conducted research on limited legal protections of obese employees as a class, and lawsuits against employers who took adverse employment actions based on obesity against obese employees and former employees who have begun to prevail in lawsuits against those employers. They analyzed of a random sample of 80 cases to attempt to identify factors that increase an obese plaintiffs likelihood of success and found that an employee in the private sector, particularly a non-professional employee, has a significantly greater likelihood of winning than do others. Additionally, they found that an unemployed individual or an individual filing suit under legislation other than state discrimination laws or the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) has a statistically greater chance of prevailing as well. According to Katz and Lavan (2008), because obesity is often considered a problem wherein the obese individuals are blamed for their own weight, people see obesity as an issue of personal responsibility versus a chronic condition and this may well may have a different impact on public opinions and support for anti-discrimination laws and lawsuits. There are many facets to the discrimination towards obesity that may not even be perceived by those that are being discriminated against. For example, applicants for employment may be judged on their appearance, not just on their qualifications. Rejected candidates may not be aware of weight-related factors (Katz Lavan, 2008). One surprising result that was mentioned was that the discrimination against obesity is contagious. In one study cited by Katz and Lavan, in two experiments, average-weight male job applicants were rated more negatively when seen with an overweight compared to a normal weight female. This shows that the stigmatizati on and discrimination can spread simply due to association. The overweight and more specifically the morbidly obese are often given the blame for their own condition. Another impression that people hold is that of obese people being less tidy or having poor personal hygiene, this often has a lot to do with appearance. Supervisors or management may even react differently to overweight individuals, causing them to treat overweight employees differently on the job than more attractive employees (Katz Lavan, 2008). In addition, the discrimination against obese persons is not limited to the workplace by any means, obese persons are reminded, or are made to feel in everyday encounters with family members, peers, health care providers, and strangers that they deviate from social norms and are inferior to those who are not obese (Katz Lavan, 2008 pg. 3). When it comes to the current legal state, more and more it appears that Title VII (the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 1964) and the Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990 have not been very useful to litigants either, except in cases where the litigant that is claiming discrimination was morbidly obese. If an individual claimed that they were discriminated against but not because of an actual disability but instead because of their employer’s perception that they had a disability from being overweight when in fact they could perform the jobs assigned without impediment, then that litigant was in fact more likely to win (Katz Lavan, 2008 pg. 3). In addition much discussion on their part about recent litigation and the ADA, Katz and Lavan (2008) stated that courts have generally viewed obesity as a voluntary condition and therefore disqualified it as a disability under ADA. They cite few cases that have held that obesity on its own constitutes a disability (Katz Lavan, 2008 pg. 4). Obesity and obtaining work and fair wages Pagan Dà ¡vila (1997) conducted a study to explore the relationship between obesity, occupational attainment, and earnings using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to investigate the occupational selection of obese individuals. They then estimated the earnings functions that accounted for the occupational attainment of the overweight. Much the same as many other researchers they found that women seemed to pay a steeper penalty than men did as men tended to migrate into employment where their weight did not play as big of a role (Pagan Dà ¡vila, 1997). The authors did not elaborate on these types of employment other than to say service based, although the authors did at one point elude to truck drivers and movers. In all, the reported findings they said did tend to complement the existing body of work. Their research did not seem to bring much new to the table other than the fact that they had some theories on crowding, but it did support previous theory and work mentioned. Because there is very little research so far to review each new item add to the totality of the available data. In addition, they were the only authors that eluded to the use of migration into employment where their weight did not play as big of a role in their earning potential. Research into the efforts to pass new laws Puhl, Heuer Sarda (2010) conducted research assess the public support for potential legislation to prohibit weight-based discrimination against obese individuals in the United States, and to examine whether certain message frames about weight discrimination influence public support. Their participants were randomly assigned to read one of the four paragraphs that framed the topic of weight discrimination in a distinct way (or a control condition with no paragraph). Participants were then asked to indicate their level of support for six anti-discrimination laws. Participants were a national sample of 1114 participants (48% women, 52% men), with a mean age of 44.78 years (Puhl et al., 2011). The results of their study showed that there was some support for laws that would prohibit weight-based discrimination. Gender differences were observed across experimental conditions thus indicating that â€Å"some message frames may increase support for certain laws among women, but not men. Message frames however, had no effect on support for laws with specific provisions to prohibit weight discrimination in the workplace† (Puhl et al., 2011). This suggested that the public held support for those particular legal measures was both consistent and high at approximately 65% of men and 81% of women, regardless of how the issue of weight discrimination was framed to the public (Puhl et al., 2011). Just as most of the articles do, the authors of this article point out that weight discrimination stems from pervasive societal stigma and stereotypes that obese persons are lazy, lacking in self-discipline and are personally at fault for their inability to lose weight, and that unfortunately, weight bias takes a significant toll on emotional and physical health for those who are affected, increasing vulnerability to depression, low self-esteem, poor body image, suicidal behaviors, unhealthy eating patterns, eating disorders and avoidance of physical activity and social exclusion. One interesting comment of note is their mention that recent estimates suggest that the prevalence of weight discrimination in the United States has increased by 66% over the past decade, and is now comparable with prevalence rates of racial discrimination in America (Puhl et al., 2011). Their results have led them to conclude that women express a stronger degree of agreement than men do with idea that ther e should be new laws about weight discrimination and that the government should take a more active and aggressive role to protect overweight people from size/weight discrimination. Discussion Currently, in the United States there are little or no legal protections to prohibit discrimination against an individual based solely on body shape, size, or weight, and employers basically have the right to hire anyone they want without regard to preference to thinner and more attractive applicants. Some employers have even been found to penalize heavy employees in unfair ways. Weight-based discrimination is pervasive around the world and it is damaging and worsens health disparities for obese people, in essence creating a self-fulfilling prophecy (Puhl et al., 2011). There was considerable agreement within the literature, with many studies concluding that weigh based discrimination does exist, it is pervasive, and it is experienced more by women than men (Puhl et al., 2011), (Pagan Dà ¡vila, 1997), and (Katz Lavan, 2008) for example. Many practitioners in the psychological and sociological communities’ believe that it is critical for the public health community to recognize that this type of institutionalized bias is, in fact, both a social injustice, and a public health issue. In addition many of those individuals also feel that it is past due to look long and hard legislatively, at equal protections and definitions of obesity as a syndrome. History has demonstrated that legislation has the power to reduce institutionalized bias against stigmatized groups, thus researchers, advocacy groups and the public health community can help promote protective legislation for overweight and obese persons (Puhl et al., 2011). Public support is going to be key in enacting any weight bias legislation, and the research findings provide a springboard to explore public attitudes toward laws that prohibit discrimination based on weight. Because of women’s potentially increased vulnerability to weight stigmatization as compared to men in nearly all of these studies, over time they are more likely experience unfair treatment because of their weight, and are therefore they are far more supportive of legislation to combat Obesity discrimination. Some researchers such as Puhl et al., 2011, Pagan Dà ¡vila, 1997, and Katz and Lavan, 2008have suggested that women are more vulnerable to weight discrimination than men and may experience weight discrimination at lower levels of body weight than men do. Additionally there are roles and jobs that are typically filled by men that tend to favor some amount of over-weightiness such as movers being able to handle large or bulky items. Conclusion In order to make inroads against this type of discrimination is education of the population, overt intolerance of the discrimination, strong advocacy in support of litigation and legislation, and a public awareness campaign, and some strong rulings to create precedence. Of course almost universally as always, more research is needed. While it is generally accepted that there is weight based discrimination, it is important that there be a solid body of work to bring it to light, and in conjunction with medical research into the causes of obesity it may be possible to determine what the leading factors in obesity, continued obesity, and combating obesity are. In addition research needs to be done into the effects of socialization on obesity. One of the experienced side effects of obesity being anti-social behavior one cannot help but to wonder what if anything would be the overall effect of purposely involving the morbidly obese in social activity that bolstered self-confidence without judgment, possibly without even focusing on weight. References Friedman, R., Puhl, R. (2012). Weight Bias A Social Justice Issue A Policy Brief. 2012 Rudd Report, 2012 Rudd Report (2012), 2, 3. Katz, M., Lavan, H. (2008). Legality of Employer Control of Obesity. Journal of Workplace Rights, 13(1), 59-71. doi:10.2190/WR.13.1.e McGuire, S., Shields M., Carroll M.D., Ogden C.L., (2011). Adult Obesity Prevalence in Canada and the United States. NCHS Data Brief no. 56, Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2011. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 2(4), 368-369. Pagà ¡n, J., Dà ¡vila, A. (1997). Obesity, Occupational Attainment, and Earnings. Social Science Quarterly, 78(3), 756 770. Puhl, R., Heuer, C., Sarda, V. (2010). Framing Messages About Weight Discrimination: Impact On Public Support For Legislation. International Journal of Obesity, 35(10), 863 872. Sutin, A. R., Terracciano, A., Newton, R. L. (2013). Perceived Weight Discrimination and Obesity. PLoS ONE, 8(7), e70048.

Macbeth: Banquos Soliloquy :: essays research papers

Macbeth: Banquo's Soliloquy In Macbeth, a play by William Shakespeare, Banquo's soliloquy at the beginning of the third act explains some of his present feeling towards Macbeth. He believes that Macbeth killed to become the King of Scotland. He explains that he is the one who will start a chain of kings, not Macbeth. Strangely enough, Banquo makes this discovery two scenes from his death, not giving him enough time to tell others the discovery. In the first three lines of the soliloquy, Banquo explains that Macbeth has become king just like the "weird women", or witches had prophesied. However, he also says that "thou play'dst most foully for't." Which basically means that he committed murder to attain it. He is Macbeth's best friend. He knows that Macbeth has the desire to be the king and would do anything to get the crown. Banquo knows Macbeth has it in him to commit murder. In the next three lines, Banquo explains that he should really be the king because the witches also proclaimed that Banquo would be the "root and father of many kings." In the line, "May they not be my oracles as well and set me up in hope?", Banquo is saying that he wants the prophesies to come true for him also and make him the king and the beginning of a long line of kings. The main idea of his soliloquy is that Banquo knows that Macbeth killed Duncan. Strangely enough, this soliloquy is placed two scenes before he died, not giving him enough time to tell anyone else about his discovery. Banquo has realized that Macbeth murdered Duncan but will die in two scenes anyway. In Banquo's soliloquy in the beginning of the third act of Macbeth, Banquo suspects that Macbeth is behind Duncan's murder. He knows this because he has been best friends with Macbeth for a long time and knows that Macbeth has

Significance Of Ritual In North American Indian Religion Essay

Significance of Ritual in North American Indian Religion When scholars study religion, the tendency exists to focus on the mythological aspects of the religion in an attempt to understand the major underlying concepts present. However, an equally rewarding study often can be accomplished through the careful analysis of the religion's ritual aspects. This is especially true when studying North American Indian religions where there is an abundance of elaborate rituals that play a significant role in their culture. By closely examining the details and symbolism of ritual movements, we can gather some basic understanding of what is seen to be of value in a certain theology. While most Native American rituals tend to be mono-cultural, there are a few rituals that frequently appear in many different regions and tribes across North America. Two of these widespread rituals are the ritual of the "sacred pipe," and sweat lodge ceremonials. The sacred pipe ritual is loaded with symbolic meaning, and offers a generous insight into Native American belief systems. This essay will first look at the dynamics of the sacred pipe ritual and offer some explanation into its religious significance, then draw some parallels to the more common sweat lodge ceremony. If a recurring spiritual theme appears in separate rituals, it can be considered evidence of a consistent, structured belief system. The use of smoking pipes in Native American cultures is a popular and very ancient practice. Direct predecessors of the modern pipe appear 1,500 years ago, and other less relevant pipes can be found as far back as 2,500 years ago. The distinguishing characteristic of the sacred pipe is that the bowl is separable from the long stem, and the two parts are kept apart except during ritual use. The pipe is seen as a holy object and is treated with much respect. This type of ceremonial pipe was used by tribes ranging from the Rocky Mountain range to the Atlantic, and from the Gulf of Mexico to James Bay. It did not penetrate into Pacific coast or Southwest cultures, where tubular pipes were preferred. Inter-tribal trading helped the practice of this particular ritual spread rapidly, because in order for peaceful trade relations to take place some form of ritual had to be observed. Resp... ...placed on directions, especially east and west which is obviously derived from the path of the sun. Also important are the upward and downward directions representing the male sky and the female earth, and the joining of the two to give life. The simple fact that these symbols are so widespread and evident in separate rituals suggests that the North American Indians had a strong religious foundation long before Europeans arrived and attempted to ‘teach' them religion. WORKS CITED LIST Brown, Joseph Van Epes. The Sacred Pipe: Black Elk's Account of the Seven Rites of the Oglala Sioux. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1953. Coorigan, Samuel W, ed. Readings in Aboriginal Studies Brandon, Manitoba: Bearpaw Publishing, 1995. Hultkrantz, Ake. Belief and Worship in Native North America. Ed. Christopher Vecsey. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1981. Robicsek, Francis. The Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya Art, History, and Religion. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978. Steinmetz, Fr. Paul B., S.J. "The Sacred Pipe in American Indian Religions." American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 8(3): 27-80, 1984.

global information :: essays research papers

The global information society has transformed the way we do business. One of the most widespread changes is the use of the Internet to develop more efficient communications between suppliers and users of goods and services. This process is called intermediation. In this module we will look at how new Internet-based technologies have revolutionized business communications. First we will define intermediation. Then we will examine how technology has affected business communications. Finally, we will look at some of the online technologies that are helping businesses communicate better, faster and more cost-effectively. e-Commerce: A Guide to How Technology has Affected Business as We Know It Today! Glossary: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Transaction processing--Completing a transaction online—such as when a consumer uses a shopping cart to make online purchases. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. e-Procurement--All purchasing activities plus all of the monitoring of all elements of purchase transactions 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3. Procurement--The purchase of goods for resale 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4. Snail mail--mail sent and received via the US Postal Service 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5. B2B (Business to Business)—the activities conducted online between two businesses 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6. Shopping cart—an electronic tool used by online consumers to purchase goods and services 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7. Fulfillment company—offers services to other companies such as transaction processing, providing security, etc. 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  8. HR (Human Resources): the division of a company which hires employees and takes care of all employee-related matters. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9. EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) — when one business transfers computer-readable data into an agreed-upon format to another business. 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10. ISP (Internet Service Provider)—a business that provides access to the Internet via modem, DSL, or TI. They also provide other services such as e-mail, web hosting, and web design. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  11. Logistics— †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Consumer—Browsing for information from multiple sites for comparison shopping purposes †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Business—Delivery and warehousing activities that will provide the right goods in the right quantities in the right place at the right time. 12.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  12. GPS—Global Positioning System—an access mechanism which allows the tracking of vehicle location through satellite 13.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13. Web auction—a site which provides a forum for buyers and sellers to trade items. An auction site normally charges both buyers and sellers; many web auctions sell advertising on its pages 14.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  14. Intranet—a web-based private network that hosts Internet applications on a local area network; used for security purposes E-Commerce: Changing Face of Business At the dawn of the new millennium, if we look back at the last century, we will realize the changes the world has seen. And even the changes are becoming rapid. The main reason of changes is technological innovation. The ever-changing technology has affected business as well like it has affected all other walks of life.

Windsor Coursework

My project is about Windsor, it is to find out if it is a good or bad tourist attraction. My main aims are to find out: 1. If Windsor is a successful tourist centre? 2. Is there any conflict of interest between residents and tourists? 3. What is being done to resolve any conflict? Tourism is a tertiary segment of the working industry. A tourist is someone that travels in their country or around the world. There has been an increase in tourism worldwide, this is because of: More leisure time: the older population has increased and the when they retire they use up their leisure time by going on holiday. * Shorter working time: the number of hours an employee has to work has decreased over years. * Longer holidays with pay: it is now casual for employees to be given holidays with paid accommodation and flight tickets. * More money: salaries paid to employees have increased significantly alongside with paid holidays has given the possibility to go on holidays more than once. * Greater accessibility: the increase of transport via planes, ferries and cars have enabled more people to travel easily. The benefits of tourism is that there are more jobs available, more money is spent by the tourists which makes the area richer and the area can maintain and preserve historic sites and keep the area clean. However, there are many disadvantages of tourism. Residents complain that there is over-crowdedness due to many tourists or that too much pollution in the area and in most cases there are too many high prices being charged. There are many kinds of tourist destinations a few are: theme parks, adventure parks, museums etc. Windsor is a historic tourist centre. What makes a good place to live is more often usually a good accommodation and situated in an area with easy access to shops like supermarkets, newsagents, etc†¦ At Windsor they offer a range of attractions. Eton is where the residents live, a river, the guildhall designed by Christopher Wrenn where Prince Charles and his wife Camilla were married; they offer bus tours, the long road, Legoland and Windsor castle. Method Within the classroom, I was introduced to the Windsor project. We discussed what makes a good place for residents to live in. We looked at the benefits and costs of tourism and how at our day at Windsor we will need to write if it is a good place for residents and if there is any conflict with the tourists. For Windsor we were given questionnaires and we had to try and get a sample of five residents and if they had any problems with the tourists and we had to find five tourists to find out what they thought of Windsor if they thought Windsor was a successful tourist attraction. Windsor is in the Royal County of Berkshire, 18 miles West of Queens Park. Our coach journey took us 55 minutes. We took the A406, A40, A412 and the M4. We was given a tour by our teachers at Windsor, we got to see the guildhall, the castle, Peasecod Street and Crooked Street the shortest street in Britain. We was then given time to fill in the questionnaires. Getting time to fill in the questionnaires from the residents and tourists was the hard bit and I felt that many people felt intimidated by our group because we has a black boys in our group and there were practically no black people around and when we asked people to give a little bit of time so that we could answer a little questionnaire they refused and said â€Å"sorry, we do not have time,† this happened with the first seven/eight people we asked but eventually we started to get people to help us who were younger aged and pretty soon we filled out all of the survey, in the end it was a difficult task for my group because it took us ages to get people to help us answer our questionnaire however in the end my research was successful. When we got back to school we exchanged our results with each other and got twenty resident answers with ten male and ten female of all ages, we also got twenty tourist answers with ten male and ten female this was done so that it was more of a balanced sample. A balanced sample is important for this investigation because asking only five people in the whole of Windsor did not really mean anything. The more people we asked and questioned would make it a better survey. The forty people we asked really made it fair and more secure prediction of what Windsor tourist and resident people thought of it. To write my introduction, I had to write about what tourism is, why there was an increase in tourism since the past fifty years, I had to find the advantages and disadvantages of tourism, what type of tourist destinations there are, where in Britain it is and include a map of Windsor. The method was writing about what class work, homework and research i had to do follow by the trip to Windsor we had and had to explain if there were any difficulties to obtain the answers to the questions. I then had to make graphs of my results of the twenty male and female residents and tourists. With the graphs i had to explain what each graph represented and what it suggested. This pie chart shows the percentage of male and female tourists. This graph shows the percentage of residents that I asked for my questionnaire This graph shows the number of problems residents have in Windsor for male. This graph shows the number of benefits that 10 female residents have. This graph shows the number of problems 10 female resident's have. This graph shows the number of benefits 10 Female residents have in Windsor. This pie chart shows the percentage of male and female residents. This graph shows the number of tourists that were either from the U.K or a visitor to the U.K. This graph shows the transport that tourists used to get to Windsor. This graph shows the attraction which the tourists chose to visit whilst on their tour in Windsor. This graph shows the number of changes that tourist think had changed. This graph shows how many out of the 20 tourists recommend Windsor. EVALUATION OF METHOD Overall, the trip was successful, we had a great time and we conducted our results eventually. However, i could improve the project if it was to be done all over again by putting white boys or girls in my group. I am not trying to be racist, but people at Windsor seemed to be scared of talking to black people and it is a fact that on that day I did not see many black people in the area maybe because they are influenced by the criteria given to black people they thought we too might be trouble makers but in fact we really wanted to do our work. The fact that we had to get our results from younger members of the area really did not make my survey fair. But the girls in my class did ask the older people in the community and I was then allowed to exchange answers with them. I realised, that the questions on our survey were a bit exaggerated, we could have made them shorter and saved allot of time and it did make the tourists/residents a little bored of it. At home it was quite easy to do my research, i logged on to the Windsor council website and got all the pictures and information i needed. EVALUATION OF RESULTS My main aims were to find out: 1. If Windsor is a successful tourist centre? 2. Is there any conflict of interest between residents and tourists? 3. What is being done to resolve any conflict? 1. From my results i have found out that Windsor is a successful tourist centre, i can prove this from the above graphs by the primary data provided but not only that, whilst i was at Windsor two residents said that whilst we have lived in Windsor (approximately ten years) tourists think Windsor is not only a successful tourist centre providing many historic scenes, famous areas and fun places like Legoland, but it is a place filled with information of our history making Windsor a British historic site representative and this fact makes Britain such a visited place by tourists which brings many benefits to the area and credit for the country. This proves that the first aim has been accomplished by Windsor by making it a successful tourist centre. 2. I have also found out if there is any form of conflict between residents and tourists. Currently, as my graph shows that many residents have problems with shop prices, crowds and parking facilities. However, the council has made a separate street for residents to shop in which has lower prices than at the close attraction areas. The council has also made roads going around the tourist areas so that they can avoid the rush. Even the parking facility have improved immenselely and has made it easier for residents so as currently all the main problems have been solved. 3. There isn't really any conflict between residents and tourists. The council has tried their best to make Windsor in both favours so that they can solve any sort of conflict between them to make it a peaceful yet successful tourist centre. 4. I reckon this investigation is very accurate because the questionnaire has been asked from all ages, of all genders and of races through primary data and the exchange of a few survey answers to make it a fair and accurate test. CONCLUSION In this project, I have proved that: * Windsor is a successful tourist centre. * There is a little conflict of interest between residents and tourists. * However, the council has made sure that all problems for both sides have been solved. In this project, I have learnt the role of the council in a community. Windsor Coursework In my course work I will be investigating 3 main questions. 1. Is Windsor a successful tourist centre? 2. Is there a conflict of interest between resident and tourist? 3. What has been done to attempt in solving any conflict? I will be analyzing the benefits and drawbacks for residents who live in a location which is a popular tourist centre. I will be investigating how popular Windsor is and what factors make it in to a good tourist attraction. Windsor can be located in the county of Berkshire. From London to Windsor via coach it approximately took an hour. Tourism Tourism is when people from overseas or other cities have a holiday or day out in other certain areas for recreational or leisure purposes. Tourists can sometimes spend up to a single day or several weeks at the area they are touring .There are many types of tourist destinations such as beaches in Spain, mountains in Kenya, ice regions in the alps, religious pilgrimage like in Mecca and historical like Windsor. Tourist is the term used for a group of people that are touring a certain area. There are many advantages of tourism. Tourism creates opportunities and provides a vast amount of jobs. Tourism makes a city richer, due to the tourist staying over at hotels and eating at restaurants, these places all pay tax to the government which gives the government more money to spend. Like for example Windsor is a rich area because the tourist spend a lot of money and the council use the money to develop the area .Tourism increases the popularity of a certain area and also builds a reputation for the place, when a lot of tourist come they will recommend it to other or re visit which makes even more tourist come. Tourism provides understanding and interaction with different races and cultures. However there are many disadvantages of tourism. Tourism causes overcrowding; so many people densely packed in tourist attractions for example Oxford Street. Tourism also causes annoyance to the residents as they ask questions for directions etc. Tourism increases noise pollution and pollution as they have places to go, and places to see they will be using a lot of transport like buses and cars which causes more global warming, this is also connected to the increase of traffic on the streets. Many factors are required to build up a good tourist centre. A good tourist centre must have many facilities of good quality to satisfy the needs of a tourist. In a good tourist centre there must be restaurants to eat, hotels to stay over for how ever long their stay is. There should be a leisure and sports centre. There should be a hospital if there is a problem with a tourist's health. Good tourist's attractions must provide toilets, places of entertainment, gyms, places of worship and shopping centres. There must be a main attraction for example France has the Eiffel tower and Windsor has Windsor castle. A good place to live in needs to provide cheap transport like buses and train, as some families may not be able to afford a car. There needs to be places of education such as public school and colleges. There must be emergency services such as, fire brigades, ambulances, police officers. Of course there needs to be chemist and hospitals to look after the health of residents. Cheap shops, cheap super markets are required so families can buy food, clothing, and house hold goods for cheap prices. Tourism has now increased in our modern society because of today's transport which is much better and quicker, we are now able to get to the other side of the world in a matter of hours, 100 years ago we didn't have Heathrow, British airlines, national express etc. Now it's easier to use aero planes just simply book the ticket, trains are much faster gets you from destination A to B overcoming the problem of traffic, we have motorways and companies that let people travel in coaches .The world is much richer now so more people have money in their hands to spend, plus more people would like to go and enjoy holidays for relief of stress. People now days want to spend their money on leisure with family and friends. Instead of wanting to stay at home people desire to seek and visit other places for enjoyment. What is Windsor? Windsor is a small town located to the West of London on the outskirts just off the M4 at junction 6. You can get to Windsor by train, Windsor & Eton Riverside Rail Station; or at Windsor & Eton Central Rail Station or can travel on a bus/coach prices may vary with different agencies. Windsor is a popular tourist centre and is known as a historical attraction. Windsor has many attributes which makes it famous like Windsor castle, Windsor Great Park, the crooked house, the guild hall, Lego land, river and Peasecod Street. Windsor has the famous Eton College which David Cameron (the conservative party leader) and Prince William attended. Tourist like to visit Windsor due to its interesting historical background, such as Windsor castle, which has been around for decades, and is still being used by the Queen during the weekends. Many Kings and Queens have lived in Windsor castle but isn't the only thing to make Windsor famous. Windsor involves other historical content such as Method Here I will summarise exactly what I did during the trip in Windsor. There is various ways in which how we can collect data, which consist of: Questionnaires, documentary evidence, observations and interviews. Questionnaires – A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The disadvantage for this method is that people may not have time to fill out the questionnaire and not fill it out for you. However a questionnaire enables you to design the questions you like and be able to gather the information you so require, therefore being my choice of method. Observations- Is when one analyses the activity of a living being. If we were to observe how the people of Windsor and the tourist felt and so on it would have been largely time consuming and would only record the information we observe. But observing some time we could eventually be able to answer questions we want to know as we can observe how other tourist react in Windsor to. Interviews- An interview is a conversation between two or more people, the interviewer and however many interviewees there maybe. When in an interview one may not feel completely comfortable when asked questions maybe they wouldn't like to answer such as â€Å"what is your annual salary?†When in an interview you can see the reaction of the person you're interviewing and unlike a questionnaire where the person writes down the answer you can fill out what the interviewee says. Documentary evidence- Documentary evidence is any evidence introduced at a trial in the form of documents. But information may also be preserved through media. The method which we chose was a questionnaire, due to it being effective inexpensive and having the ability to acquire as many answers in possible within a certain period of time. We had arrived at Windsor, approximately around 10: 00 am, from coach. We had first past Queen Victoria's transport, the stream train. Then we went to a couple of tourist stores and had picked up a Windsor maps to assist us around the place. We had walked down Peasecod Street and come across to different coloured post boxed, blue and red, also with an unused well alongside. We stood there, while the teacher explained to us more about Windsor. We then looked at the park, and viewed the amazing long path. From there our teacher sent us off to start the questionnaire. We went off in groups of about 4 or 5. We went to the high street with all the shops and first approached a middle aged lady, and asked her if she could help us out in filling the survey. After her, we continued until we had asked 5 tourists. If some one rejected us and did not want to answer the survey, we walked away and said thank you for your time. This did not take long really, since there were so many people walking around. It approximately took about 15 minutes for our group. After that we had to look for 5 residents to help us out, and this took slightly longer as some were at work, university and so on. After about an hour, the job had been completed. I had filled in all gaps and questions on both sheets, and felt comfortable because my data was primary and reliable. The following day as we went back to school, I had put the information from my survey in to a large collection data sheet. I made sure all my results were balanced and equal by putting in a variety of ages and gender .I totalled up all my results and had converted the results in to graphs. The graphs had all seemed to have a similar correlation. I believe it is vital to have an equal and balanced sample of results to confirm, that my results are very reliable and fair. Evaluation of method My trip to Windsor was an enjoyable experience, and was good time learning about the history and attractions of Windsor. I could have improved my method by possibly practicing the questionnaire at school with my class mates, which would have made me more fluent when asking people to assist me in filling out my survey, and it would have boosted my confidence. But the idea of standing on the main road where, there was a lot of shops was good, due to the fact many people were passing through. So it was not much of a problem in finding tourists to fill out the survey, and it was not time consuming. I believe it would have been much easier if we were given a different segment of time to ask the residence of Windsor, as many of them were at work, university, college etc. Primary research Primary research is when you collect primary data by yourself. This is information that only you yourself has attained. My primary research was used to answer certain questions about Windsor. Primary research includes questionnaires and observations. Questionnaire is something I designed to collect the information that I required. I was able to answer the questions I choose to by using my primary research. Secondary research Secondary research is when you use information from an outside source. Where as in primary research you gather the information independently you gather information from places like the internet, library, and magazines. But may not be as reliable as primary since you haven't gathered the information yourself. Graphs of survey Places that tourist chose to visit This is a graph where tourist told us the places they have visited and places they have not. We can tell from this graph that the park and lego land was most popular amonsgt the tourist we had asked. Tourist seem to not want to attend the tours or visit the river. Lego land is most certainly a top attraction for windsor and must be gainig alot of income for the town. Improvements needed in windsor according to tourist This is a graph where tourist told us thing they felt needed to be improved, stuff which wasnt at the standard they had assumed. This graph tell us tourist was least impressed with the prices and traffic. Which is understandable because a normal can of coke is not at the regular price of 50p and the roads of windosr are constantly filled with cars and traffic jams. Type of transport tourist used to reach windsor People use Cars, trains and buses or coaches this shows windsor has many ways for tourist to visit windsor. Windsor provides many parking facilities for visitors. A lot of people came by coach or bus which displays to us there are companies and agencies providing transport for those who wish to visit windsor therefore windsor must be a good tourist centre if coach agencies are able to get customers to brintg to windsor. Windsor also has train stations around which tell us there are various ways to visit windsor what ever a tourist may feel to use. Would tourist visit windsor again This graph records whether tourist would definatly come to windosr again. Tourist are most content with windsor as we can see, only 2 people would not visit and 18 out of 20 people would definatly or is planning to visit windsor again. Surely the majority of tourist are impressed with windsor which must mean windsor is a good tourist centre. Would tourist reccomend Windsor? The tourist that have attended windsor told us if they would reccomend it to others such as family and friend or if they wouldn't bother. Of course if you are willing to reccomend a tourist attraction it must be a succesful tourist centre, from the results 17 out of 20 tourist would or are going to reccomend windsor to others. Only 2 people said they wouldn't reccomend windsor, therefore windsor must be a succesful tourist centre. Attractions that tourist are planning to visit This graphs shows us places where a set of tourist were planning to visit, many of them were planning to attend the tours and go lego land probaly due to the children with them. Tourist must have been told or seen in a brochure the attractions of windsor and were here to view it them selves. Improvements needed according to residents This is a graph that tells us what improvements residents felt that needed to be taken. From this graph we can tell traffic, pedestrians and prices are the things residents are not happy with. Most residents are ok about the toilets and cafes. However like the tourist residents are not enjoying the roads constantly packed with cars. Are there places residents would not go to avoid tourist? 6 out of 20 residents that I asked wouldn't go to certain places due to tourists this somewhat shows to us there are certain places residents do not feel comfortable to go due to tourist. This proves there must be a conflict of interest if residents avoid certain places in their own home due to tourists. Do residents feel there is any conflict with tourist? Only a few tourist feel that there is some sort of conflict. But I doubt anything major that would escalate to some sort of physical contact. Tourist do not feel as comfortable with tourist and pretty much have to put up with it all the time, new people coming to see windsor which is their home town. I personally believe the conflict is not of much interest and is of little importance as it is only 5 out of 20 people feel there is some sort of conflict. What benefits residents feel that tourist bring This graphs shows what things tourist bring to windsor according to residents. The graph shows that Tourist help out the most with reputation as to why so may people visit, income spending a lot of money on the attractons and other things to buy e.g. food and facilities such as good attractive restaurants. Evalutaion of my results In this paragraph I will explain what I have discovered from my results, and answer the three main questions according to my results. In my personal opinion Windsor is a good tourist centre and the graphs that were produced from the information I gathered from the tourists and residents of windsor . My results show that 18 out of 20 people I asked would visit windsor again and that 17 out of 20 would recommend Windsor to family and friends these results show that the tourist are happy and impressed with there trip to windsor and what windsor had to offer them as a whole. Therefore yes windssor is a succesful tourist centre which means there are a large number of tourist visiting regularly. There is a conflict of intrest as you can see the residents do not like so many cars coming in and out of windsor because it causes to much traffic and means there is more noise and pollution created by the tourists and also the tourist pedestrians walking around means residents tend to avoid leaving the house due to overcrowding. Also tourist feel they are treated unfairly due to Residents being entitled to something knows as † The advantage card† which allows resident to visit the attractions 3 times a year for free. Even though tourist may feel its unfair as they have to pay the expensive cost to enter an attraction I feel it is fair as residents should benefit from something since they are living there. The council may have plans to widen roads and pavements to lessen the congestion cause by the tourist thus making life easier for both residents and tourists. Conclusion The information that I have gathered (primary and secondary) shows us how Windsor is a successful tourist centre. This is proven by the graphs, also there is a conflict of interest between tourists and residents as we can see resident are annoyed with tourist for constantly coming in and out of the places they live in. Tourists feel that it's unfair since residents get the advantage card. I myself feel Windsor is a great place and would definitely visit again maybe with more friend and family. Windsor is beautiful has an amazing historical background and everything seem to be so cheerful, however of course I do feel that traffic could be improved on and the prices for some goods are higher for the tourists than they are for the residents of Windsor. According to my results it clearly shows that Windsor is a very succesful tourist centre and the tourist really enjoyed visiting Windsor as my results shows that the ratings of every single attrations in Windsor is very high. The second important point which im going to make is that there is a big conflict between the tourist and the residents as the residents don't like the way the prices in Windsor keep going up every time, the toilets, parking and the streets being very crowded. Local authority has made a lot of effort to resolve the conflict for e.g. they have introduced advantage cards to the residents through which residents can visit all the attratcions in Windsor for a cheap price and they also have free parking. The council has tried to seperate the tourist and residents by dividing them in to two different areas of town for example when the tourist arrive in Windsor that part of the town is very far away from the residential bit of the town and the prices in that area is very high compared to other areas of the town. All of my graphs prove that my hypothesis was correct and Windsor is a very successful tourist centre but there is a lot of conflict in interest between the tourist and the residents.

Supporting Children and Young People’s Health and Safety

â€Å"Health and safety in a school is about taking a sensible and proportionate approach to ensure the premises provide a healthy and safe place for all who use them, including the school work force, visitors and pupils. † (HSE Health and Safety checklist for classrooms – August 2011) Task 1 Factors to take into account when planning healthy and safe, indoor and outdoor environments and services are: †¢Lines of responsibility – The Governing Body, Head teacher and Health and Safety Officer. Employees, for example yourself, caretaker and kitchen manager, visitors such as hirers and contractors. Safeguarding and welfare – Safe recruitment for example, CRB checking, raising awareness of child protection, establishing a safe environment for children to learn and develop. †¢Age, needs and ability – Assessing the risks and ensuring that equipment is provided and used appropriately. †¢The safe selection of toys, materials and equipment â₠¬â€œ Assessing the risks and ensuring equipment is provided and used appropriately. The school setting uses the Government's Legislation as set down by the HSE as a source for planning healthy and safe environments and services.Health and safety is monitored and maintained by following the guidance within the setting's Health and Safety Policy. Risk assessments must be carried out to eliminate or reduce risks with any findings recorded. Any arrangements made must be monitored and reviewed by appointed person's with the training, knowledge and skills to carry out these arrangements. It is the appointed person's (Health and Safety Co-ordinator) responsibility to ensure that everyone within the setting is made aware of, read and signed the changed or new policies and procedures.People within the work setting must be made aware of where of the Health and Safety Policy is kept, up to date training must be provided and copies of risk assessments must be given when necessary, for example w hen going on school trips, all adults on the trip must read the risk assessment specifies such as the minibus for travelling in, wearing visors, appointed first aiders, trip and group leaders and toilet trips. This ensures the staff are aware of risks and hazards, how to deal with them efficiently and who to report to.Current health and safety legislation, policies and procedures are followed by employees at the school by reading the Health and Safety Policy and implementing the correct procedures such as the provision of first aid and knowledge of designated first aiders. The reporting and recording of accidents, Fire and Emergency procedures, attending the update of training, the need for parental consent for â€Å"when there is significant risk of injury before children participate in any activity. † (Livingstone Primary School – May 2011) All Employees will report defective items of furniture and equipment and if able, remove.Task 2 It is important when managing ri sks that a balanced approach is taken, the needs of pupils and their rights to learn, explore and play no matter what their age or ability needs to be taken into account. However their health and safety is paramount and excessive risks should not be taken. An example of a balanced approach from my experience is the time when I was on morning playground duty, it came to my attention that the skipping ropes were not being used appropriately. The children had tied the skipping ropes to the climbing apparatus and were using them to swing on and climb.In my opinion this was an excessive risk because the children were at risk of getting the rope caught around their necks or hurting another child who was using the apparatus appropriately. I immediately removed the skipping ropes and explained my reasons that it was too unsafe and encouraged the children to use them for skipping games. Children aged five or six would not be able to play on playground apparatus that is only suitable for chil dren over 8 years of age because the apparatus ould be too high or have more complex climbing equipment and would not meet their age of development. Age appropriate apparatus and equipment should be available to aid their development. Apparatus/equipment for a child with special educational needs who is over 8 years old would not be suitable if their development age may only be equivalent to a 5 or 6 year old therefore they need access to apparatus/equipment to meet their developing age with approved adaptation and 1:1 support if necessary. It is a fact of life that accidents, injury and illness happen to all children on occasions regardless. † (Sited on a Microsoft Power Point, TA Accredited Course – 10 th November 2012) Task 3 Under the Health and Safety Policy, the procedures of the setting in response to accidents and incidents is that every case is dealt with by designated first aiders and is fully and accurately recorded and signed in the accident book that is kep t in the medical room. A form is sent home to parents/carers informing them of any accident.For head injuries parents/carers are informed immediately by telephone and the child is given a sticker to wear stating ‘I bumped my head' this allows all staff to be aware of the child's accident. In the event of an emergency the first aider should be summoned to attend the accident/incident to provide first aid and if necessary call for emergency services. Parents/carers must be contacted as soon as possible. In the event of illness parents/carers are contacted immediately to collect their child.Any medicines that need to be given to a child needs a parent/carer to fill out a form stating the medicine and dosage as well as signed to give permission. Only designated persons should give medicines. Outbreaks of infectious illnesses are reported to all parents/carers via a letter home. Bibliography: †¢HSE Health and Safety Checklist for Classrooms, August 2011 †¢Livingstone Prim ary School, Health and Safety Policy, May 2011 †¢Microsoft Powerpoint, TA Accredited Course, 10th November 2012 Read also: How Different Types of Transitions Can Affect Children